Table 2.
Subgroup analyses of association between diabetes and hypertension and mortality risk in patients with COVID-19
| Diabetes | Hypertension | |||||||||
| n | SRR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | Pwithin* | Pbetween† | n | SRR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | Pwithin* | Pbetween† | |
| All studies | 145 | 1.54 (1.44 to 1.64) | 91.7 | <0.0001 | 127 | 1.42 (1.30 to 1.54) | 90.1 | <0.0001 | ||
| Study design | ||||||||||
| Retrospective | 129 | 1.54 (1.44 to 1.64) | 91.7 | <0.0001 | 112 | 1.42 (1.30 to 1.56) | 90.9 | <0.0001 | ||
| Prospective | 11 | 1.28 (1.12 to 1.48) | 70.0 | <0.0001 | 9 | 1.21 (0.98 to 1.50) | 73.4 | <0.0001 | ||
| Cross-sectional | 5 | 2.47 (1.56 to 3.94) | 81.4 | <0.0001 | 0.05 | 6 | 1.70 (1.18 to 2.44) | 61.8 | 0.02 | 0.50 |
| Geographical location | ||||||||||
| North America | 45 | 1.33 (1.19 to 1.48) | 90.3 | <0.0001 | 40 | 1.30 (1.12 to 1.50) | 93.4 | <0.0001 | ||
| South America | 6 | 1.54 (1.27 to 1.87) | 93.7 | <0.0001 | 2 | 2.03 (0.99 to 4.18) | 69.1 | 0.072 | ||
| Europe | 46 | 1.53 (1.36 to 1.72) | 93.8 | <0.0001 | 43 | 1.36 (1.20 to 1.54) | 82.8 | <0.0001 | ||
| Asia | 43 | 1.94 (1.65 to 2.29) | 75.1 | <0.0001 | 38 | 1.62 (1.28 to 2.04) | 86.1 | <0.0001 | ||
| Africa | 5 | 1.56 (0.92 to 2.62) | 87.3 | <0.0001 | 0.10 | 4 | 1.08 (0.86 to 1.35) | 14.9 | 0.318 | 0.33 |
| Number of patients | ||||||||||
| <1000 | 79 | 1.73 (1.52 to 1.97) | 74.8 | <0.0001 | 0.001 | 78 | 1.56 (1.36 to 1.79) | 74.8 | <0.0001 | |
| ≥1000 | 66 | 1.43 (1.32 to 1.55) | 95.4 | <0.0001 | 49 | 1.28 (1.14 to 1.44) | 94.8 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Patients admission unit | ||||||||||
| Non-ICU admitted | 142 | 1.55 (1.45 to 1.66) | 91.6 | <0.0001 | 0.24 | 125 | 1.43 (1.31 to 1.56) | 90.2 | <0.0001 | 0.28 |
| ICU admitted | 3 | 1.22 (1.14 to 1.30) | 0.0 | 0.81 | 2 | 0.98 (0.82 to 1.17) | 0.0 | 0.81 | ||
| Risk of bias | ||||||||||
| Low | 72 | 1.46 (1.34 to 1.59) | 92.4 | <0.0001 | 63 | 1.17 (1.08 to 1.29) | 80.2 | <0.0001 | ||
| Moderate | 37 | 1.28 (1.19 to 1.39) | 64.9 | <0.0001 | 34 | 1.34 (1.13 to 1.59) | 88.9 | <0.0001 | ||
| Serious | 17 | 1.90 (1.44 to 2.51) | 86.4 | <0.0001 | 15 | 1.83 (1.42 to 2.37) | 84.4 | <0.0001 | ||
| Critical | 19 | 2.11 (1.61 to 2.77) | 93.4 | <0.0001 | 0.001 | 15 | 2.64 (1.61 to 4.34) | 96.3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Adjustment for confounders | ||||||||||
| No | 21 | 2.09 (1.62 to 2.69) | 89.4 | <0.0001 | 17 | 2.54 (1.62 to 3.99) | 95.9 | <0.0001 | ||
| Age only | 18 | 1.90 (1.56 to 2.31) | 85.4 | <0.0001 | 0.003 | 14 | 1.78 (1.36 to 2.32) | 85.1 | <0.0001 | |
| Multiple | 106 | 1.40 (1.30 to 1.49) | 87.5 | <0.0001 | 96 | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.33) | 85.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
I2 (%) is a measure of the proportion of the heterogeneity attributed to between study variation rather than due to chance. I2 values of 25%, 50% and 75% indicates low, moderate and high between study heterogeneity, respectively.
*P value for heterogeneity within each subgroup.
†P value for heterogeneity between subgroups with meta-regression analysis.
CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit; SRR, summary relative risk.