Table 1.

Detecting inauthentic behaviour in the computer science literature

Automation	Ferrara et al. (2016), Davis et al. (2016), Grimme et al. (2017), Cresci (2020)
Campaigns
—By content	Lee et al. (2013), Assenmacher et al. (2020), Alizadeh et al. (2020), Graham et al. (2020)
—By URL	Ratkiewicz et al. (2011), Cao et al. (2015), Giglietto et al. (2020b), Broniatowski (2021), Yu (2021)
—By hashtag	Ratkiewicz et al. (2011), Burgess and Matamoros-Fernández (2016), Varol et al. (2017), Weber et al. (2020)
Synchronicity	Chavoshi et al. (2017), Hine et al. (2017), Nasim et al. (2018), Mazza et al. (2019), Pacheco et al. (2020), Magelinski et al. (2021)
Communities	Vo et al. (2017), Morstatter et al. (2018), Gupta et al. (2019)
Political bots	Bessi and Ferrara (2016), Woolley (2016), Rizoiu et al. (2018), Woolley and Guilbeault (2018) (particularly embeddedness and organisation)