Table 2.

Coordinated amplification strategies

Pollution	Flooding a community with repeated or objectionable content, causing the OSN to shut it down
Observed by	(Ratkiewicz et al. 2011; Woolley 2016; Hegelich and Janetzko 2016; Hine et al. 2017; Nasim et al. 2018; Fisher 2018; Mariconti et al. 2019)
Boost	Heavily reposting or duplicating content to make it appear popular
Observed by	(Ratkiewicz et al. 2011; Cao et al. 2015; Varol et al. 2017; Vo et al. 2017; Gupta et al. 2019; Keller et al. 2019; Graham et al. 2020; Assenmacher et al. 2020)
Bully	Groups engaging in organised harassment of an individual or community.
Observed by	(Ratkiewicz et al. 2011; Burgess and Matamoros-Fernández 2016; Hine et al. 2017; Kumar et al. 2018; Datta and Adar 2019; Mariconti et al. 2019)