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. 2021 Jul 15;38(11):4659–4673. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msab213

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Distribution of cucurbitacins across families in the Eukaryota and their accumulation pattern in a brassicaceous and a cucurbitaceous species. (A) Phylogenetic relationships in Eukaryota indicating multiple origins of cucurbitacin biosynthesis. The picture was adapted according to Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version July 14, 2017 (http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/). Note, only the major cucurbitacins in each order are shown color-coded. (B) LC-ESI-MS extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) of extracts from roots, leaves, stems, flower buds, sepals, petals, pistils, and stamen of 8-week-old Iberis amara plants. (C) LC-ESI-MS extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) of extracts from Cucurbita pepo roots, leaves, stems, male flowers, stamen, female flowers, pistils, and fruits. The extracted ions at m/z 539, 537, 581, and 579 are representative of sodium adducts of cucurbitacin D, I, B, E, respectively. Peaks indicated by blue, gray, and black arrows were verified by comparing the corresponding mass spectra to those of authentic cucurbitacin I, B, and E standards, respectively.