Table 2.
Responses and test-retest reliability for the falls circumstances questions, including the location and direction off the fall, the activity preceding the fall and how the fall occurred
| Falls Questions | Online Version (n = 30) | Paper Version (n = 16) | Combined Versions (n = 46) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test | Retest | Test-retest reliability | Test | Retest | Test-retest reliability | Test | Retest | Test-retest reliability | ||||
| Kappa | SE | Kappa | SE | Kappa | SE | |||||||
| Have you experienced a fall in the past 12-months? n (%) | 30 (100%) | 30 (100%) | – | – | 16 (100%) | 16 (100%) | – | – | 46 (100%) | 46 (100%) | – | – |
| Number of falls in the past 12-months; median (IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.47 | 0.13 | 2 (1–3) | 1 (1–2) | 0.30 | 0.17 | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.41 | 0.10 |
| Location of falls in the past 12-months; n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Indoor | 21 (70%) | 24 (80%) | 0.68 | 0.16 | 14 (88%) | 14 (88%) | 1.0 | 0.25 | 35 (76%) | 38 (83%) | 0.91 | 0.13 |
| Outdoor | 8 (27%) | 6 (20%) | 2 (12%) | 2 (12%) | 10 (22%) | 8 (17%) | ||||||
| Both | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Number of indoor falls in the past 12-months; median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.91 | 0.15 | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.79 | 0.18 | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 0.86 | 0.11 |
| Number of outdoor falls in the past 12-months; median (IQR) | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–1) | 0.57 | 0.29 | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–1) | – | – | 1.5 (1–2) | 1 (1–1) | 0.75 | 0.13 |
| Most recent indoor falls circumstances a | n = 22 | n = 24 | n = 14 | n = 14 | n = 36 | n = 38 | ||||||
| Fall 1: Location of fall | ||||||||||||
| Kitchen | 8 (36%) | 10 (42%) | 0.72 | 0.12 | 4 (29%) | 5 (36%) | 0.74 | 0.15 | 12 (33%) | 15 (39%) | 0.74 | 0.09 |
| Hallway | 4 (18%) | 5 (21%) | 5 (36%) | 3 (21%) | 9 (25%) | 8 (21%) | ||||||
| Living Room | 3 (14%) | 2 (8%) | 1 (7%) | 3 (21%) | 4 (11%) | 5 (13%) | ||||||
| Bedroom | 3 (14%) | 1 (4%) | 1 (7%) | 1 (7%) | 4 (11%) | 2 (5%) | ||||||
| Bathroom | 2 (9%) | 3 (12%) | 3 (21%) | 2 (14%) | 5 (14%) | 5 (13%) | ||||||
| In another person’s home | 2 (9%) | 3 (12%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) | 3 (8%) | ||||||
| Fall 2: Location of fall | ||||||||||||
| Kitchen | 5 (23%) | 5 (21%) | 0.87 | 0.11 | 2 (14%) | 1 (7%) | 0.91 | 0.16 | 7 (19%) | 6 (16%) | 0.89 | 0.09 |
| Hallway | 10 (46%) | 10 (42%) | 6 (43%) | 7 (50%) | 16 (44%) | 17 (45%) | ||||||
| Living Room | 7 (31%) | 9 (37%) | 3 (21%) | 4 (29%) | 10 (28%) | 13 (34%) | ||||||
| Bedroom | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (21%) | 2 (14%) | 3 (8%) | 2 (5%) | ||||||
| Bathroom | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| In another person’s home | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Fall 1: Activity during fall | ||||||||||||
| Housework | 7 (32%) | 6 (25%) | 0.60 | 0.12 | 6 (43%) | 7 (50%) | 0.91 | 0.19 | 13 (36%) | 13 (34%) | 0.70 | 0.09 |
| Getting out of bed | 9 (41%) | 12 (50%) | 6 (43%) | 6 (43%) | 15 (42%) | 19 (50%) | ||||||
| Getting in/out of shower | 2 (9%) | 2 (8%) | 2 (14%) | 1 (7%) | 4 (11%) | 3 (8%) | ||||||
| Getting on/off chair | 3 (14%) | 2 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (8%) | 2 (5%) | ||||||
| Getting on/off toilet | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | ||||||
| Going up/downstairs | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Walking between rooms | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Bending down or turning | 1 (4%) | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 1 (3%) | ||||||
| Fall 2: Activity during fall | ||||||||||||
| Housework | 5 (23%) | 6 (25%) | 0.90 | 0.12 | 5 (36%) | 6 (43%) | 0.87 | 0.17 | 10 (28%) | 12 (32%) | 0.89 | 0.09 |
| Getting out of bed | 8 (36%) | 8 (33%) | 5 (36%) | 5 (36%) | 13 (36%) | 13 (34%) | ||||||
| Getting in/out of shower | 4 (18%) | 4 (17%) | 1 (7%) | 1 (7%) | 5 (14%) | 5 (13%) | ||||||
| Getting on/off chair | 4 (18%) | 4 (17%) | 1 (7%) | 1 (7%) | 5 (14%) | 5 (13%) | ||||||
| Getting on/off toilet | 1 (4%) | 2 (8%) | 2 (14%) | 1 (7%) | 3 (8%) | 3 (8%) | ||||||
| Going up/downstairs | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Walking between rooms | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Bending down or turning | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Fall 1: How fall occurred | ||||||||||||
| Tripped | 12 (55%) | 14 (58%) | 0.69 | 0.13 | 5 (36%) | 5 (36%) | 0.84 | 0.17 | 17 (47%) | 19 (50%) | 0.75 | 0.10 |
| Slipped | 6 (27%) | 8 (33%) | 8 (57%) | 9 (64%) | 14 (39%) | 17 (45%) | ||||||
| FoG | 2 (9%) | 2 (8%) | 1 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (8%) | 2 (5%) | ||||||
| Faint | 2 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Fall 2: How fall occurred | ||||||||||||
| Tripped | 12 (55%) | 10 (42%) | 0.82 | 0.16 | 7 (50%) | 9 (64%) | 0.75 | 0.24 | 19 (53%) | 19 (50%) | 0.80 | 0.13 |
| Slipped | 10 (45%) | 13 (54%) | 7 (50%) | 5 (36%) | 17 (47%) | 18 (47%) | ||||||
| FoG | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | ||||||
| Faint | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Fall 1: Direction of fall | ||||||||||||
| Forwards | 10 (45%) | 12 | 0.76 | 0.16 | 8 (57%) | 9 (64%) | 0.88 | 0.25 | 18 (50%) | 21 (55%) | 0.80 | 0.13 |
| Backwards | 11 (50%) | 10 | 6 (43%) | 5 (36%) | 17 (47%) | 15 (39%) | ||||||
| Side (Left) | 1 (5%) | 2 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 2 (6%) | ||||||
| Side (Right) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Fall 2: Direction of fall | ||||||||||||
| Forwards | 9 (41%) | 9 (38%) | 0.87 | 0.14 | 6 (43%) | 6 (43%) | 1.0 | 0.19 | 15 (42%) | 15 (39%) | 0.91 | 0.11 |
| Backwards | 5 (23%) | 8 (33%) | 5 (36%) | 5 (36%) | 10 (28%) | 13 (34%) | ||||||
| Side (Left) | 8 (36%) | 7 (29%) | 3 (21%) | 3 (21%) | 11 (29%) | 10 (26%) | ||||||
| Side (Right) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Most recent outdoor falls circumstances b | n = 9 | n = 6 | n = 2 | n = 2 | n = 11 | n = 8 | ||||||
| Fall 1: Location of fall | ||||||||||||
| Garden | 3 (33%) | 2 (33%) | 0.67 | 0.44 | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 1.0 | 0.71 | 4 (36%) | 3 (38%) | 0.76 | 0.24 |
| Pavement | 3 (33%) | 4 (67%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 4 (36%) | 5 (62%) | ||||||
| Green space/beach | 1 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Public transport | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Carpark | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Missing c | 2 (23%) | – | – | – | 2 (18%) | – | ||||||
| Fall 2: Location of fall | ||||||||||||
| Garden | 2 (22%) | 2 (33%) | 0.86 | 0.29 | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 1.0 | 0.71 | 3 (27%) | 3 (38%) | 0.89 | 0.25 |
| Pavement | 1 (11%) | 2 (33%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 2 (18%) | 3 (38%) | ||||||
| Green space/beach | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Public transport | 2 (22%) | 1 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (18%) | 1 (12%) | ||||||
| Carpark | 1 (11%) | 1 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%) | 1 (12%) | ||||||
| Missing c | 3 (33%) | – | – | – | 3 (27%) | – | ||||||
| Fall 1: Activity undertaken when fell | ||||||||||||
| Gardening | 2 (22%) | 3 (50%) | 0.75 | 0.29 | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | – | – | 3 (27%) | 4 (50%) | 0.82 | 0.27 |
| Putting out rubbish | 1 (11%) | 1 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%) | 1 (12%) | ||||||
| Going up/downstairs | 2 (22%) | 1 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (18%) | 1 (12%) | ||||||
| Getting in/out of vehicle | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Walking | 1 (11%) | 1 (17%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 2 (18%) | 2 (25%) | ||||||
| Exercising | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Bending or turning | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Missing c | 3 (33%) | – | – | – | 3 (27%) | – | ||||||
| Fall 2: Activity undertaken when fell | ||||||||||||
| Gardening | 3 (33%) | 2 (33%) | 0.89 | 0.33 | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 1.0 | 0.71 | 4 (36%) | 3 (38%) | 0.91 | 0.28 |
| Putting out rubbish | 0 (0%) | 1 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (12%) | ||||||
| Going up/downstairs | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Getting in/out of vehicle | 2 (22%) | 2 (33%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (18%) | 2 (25%) | ||||||
| Walking | 1 (11%) | 1 (17%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 2 (18%) | 2 (25%) | ||||||
| Exercising | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Bending or turning | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Missing c | – | – | – | – | 3 (27%) | – | ||||||
| Fall 1: How fall occurred | ||||||||||||
| Tripped | 6 (66%) | 6 (100%) | 0.91 | 0.38 | 2 (100%) | 1 (50%) | – | – | 8 (73%) | 7 (88%) | 0.62 | 0.29 |
| Slipped | 1 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (9%) | 1 (12%) | ||||||
| FoG | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Faint | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Missing c | 2 (22%) | – | – | – | 2 (18%) | – | ||||||
| Fall 2: How falls occurred | ||||||||||||
| Tripped | 5 (56%) | 5 (83%) | 0.91 | 0.38 | 2 (100%) | 2 (100%) | – | – | 7 (64%) | 7 (88%) | 0.74 | 0.31 |
| Slipped | 2 (22%) | 1 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (18%) | 1 (12%) | ||||||
| FoG | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Faint | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Missing c | 2 (22%) | – | – | – | 2 (18%) | – | ||||||
| Fall 1: Direction of fall | ||||||||||||
| Forwards | 4 (44%) | 3 (50%) | 0.79 | 0.32 | 2 (100%) | 2 (100%) | – | – | 6 (55%) | 5 (63%) | 0.81 | 0.29 |
| Backwards | 1 (11%) | 2 (33%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%) | 2 (25%) | ||||||
| Side (Left) | 1 (11%) | 1 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%) | 1 (12%) | ||||||
| Side (Right) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
| Missing c | 3 (33%) | – | – | – | 3 (27%) | – | ||||||
| Fall 2: Direction of fall | ||||||||||||
| Forwards | 4 (44%) | 4 (66%) | 2 (100%) | 1 (50%) | – | – | 6 (55%) | 5 (63%) | 0.67 | 0.29 | ||
| Backwards | 3 (33%) | 1 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (50%) | 3 (27%) | 2 (25%) | ||||||
| Side (Left) | 1 (11%) | 1 (17%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%) | 1 (12%) | ||||||
| Side (Right) | 1 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (9%) | 0 (0%) | ||||||
Values are presented as number and percentage (n [%]) for nominal, or median and interquartile range (IQR) for ordinal questions, with κ and SE of κ results for each individual question provided
FoG freezing of gait. Only data for the participants’ two most recent falls were included
aPercentages are based on the number of responses provided for indoor falls for the online version (n = 22 test, n = 24 retest), paper version (n = 14 for test and retest) and for both versions combined (n = 36 test, n = 38 retest)
bPercentages are based on the number of responses provided for outdoor falls for the online version (n = 9 test, n = 6 retest), paper version (n = 2 for test and retest) and for both versions combined (n = 11 test, n = 8 retest)
cData was entered as missing if participants provided an answer of “do not remember”, or if they did not provide any response