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. 2021 Oct 30;12:557. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02623-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Leptin synergistically with 25(OH)D₃ to induce osteoblast differentiation of rBMMSCs. a The effects of leptin or 25(OH)D₃ on rBMMSCs proliferation at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h; b relative mRNA expression of osteogenic genes (ALP, COL1A1, RUNX2, OSX, and OSP) at 12 h of osteoblast differentiation; c western blot bands of proteins of RUNX2 and COL1A1 at day 3 of rBMMSCs osteoblast differentiation; d relative quantitative analysis of proteins of RUNX2 and COL1A1; e results of ALP staining of osteoblast differentiation of rBMMSCs at day 7; f relative ALP activity fold of osteoblast differentiation of rBMMSCs at day 7; g the synthesis of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ by rBMMSCs with ODM at 24 h; h results of ARS staining of osteoblast differentiation of rBMMSCs at day 21; i relative quantitative analysis of ARS of osteoblast differentiation of rBMMSCs at day 21. (Scale bars = 200 μm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 in comparison with the control group.)