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. 2021 Oct 30;12:557. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02623-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — The ability of leptin synergistically with 25(OH)D₃ promoted osteoblast differentiation of rBMMSCs was weakened by the PI3K/AKT signal pathway inhibitor. a The increased mRNA levels of ALP, COL1A1, RUNX2, OSX, and OSP induced by 25(OH)D₃ combined with leptin were significantly decreased after the addition of LY294002 (20 μM) at 12 h; b the protein levels of RUNX2 and COL1A1 induced by leptin and 25(OH)D₃ were significantly inhibited by the inhibitor LY294002 (20 μM) at day 3; c relative quantitative analysis of western blot analyses; d the synthesis of 1α,25(OH)₂D₃ by rBMMSCs with ODM at 24 h; e results of ALP staining; f the relative expression level of ALP activity; g results of ARS staining; h the relative expression level of ARS. (Scale bar = 200 μm, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 in comparison with the control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 in comparison with leptin + 25(OH)D₃ group.)