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. 2021 Oct 31;20:150. doi: 10.1186/s12944-021-01581-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — The abscopal effect. Irradiation of tumor cells results in the release of a plethora of danger associated molecular patterns (DAMP), which interact with innate immunity receptors on nearby cells, thus inducing the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL) 6, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), the chemokine IL8, reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species, and nitric oxide (NO). These inflammatory molecules provide the necessary signals for the recruitment and stimulation of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (M) to properly present TAA to helper (CD4+) and cytotoxic T (CTL) lymphocytes, which may target and kill residual and metastatic tumor cells bearing TAA on their surface membrane. The figure is uploaded on the net by Maria Widel and was reproduced with her permission [18]