Table 1.

Oral nanomedicine for increasing anti-cancer drug bioavailability

	Nanoparticles (NP)	Targeted cancer / tissue	Therapeutic outcomes	Refs.
1. Polymers	Carnitine coated PLGA NP	–	Increased paclitaxel BA	[58]
	Chitosan coated PLGA NP	Oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy	Increased oral cavity residence time	[118]
	PLGA NP	Oral cavity cancer	Increased local docetaxel delivery	[119]
	Pegylated PLA NP	Breast cancer prevention	Increased raloxifene hydrochloride BA	[60, 61]
	Pegylated PLA NP	Lung cancer	Increased paclitaxel BA	[63]
	Hyaluronic acid coated pegylated PLGA NP	Colon cancer	Increased PTC209 delivery and Inhibited cancer stem cell proliferation	[123]
	PCL NP	–	Increased ellagic acid	[67]
2. Inorganic materials	Aluminum silicate	–	Increased methotrexate release properties	[64]
	Selenium NP	Prostate cancer	Reduced side effects and increased tumor growth inhibition	[67]
3. Polysac	Chitosan modified with acrylonitrile and arginine	–	Increased curcumin bioavailability	[74]
	Cyclodextrin micelles	Sarcoma	Increased docetaxel BA and tumor reduction	[76]
	Guar gum (GG) NPs	–	Increased mammary gland targeting, tamoxifen BA, and decreased liver toxicity	[77]
4. Protein	Pectin coated casein/zein NP	–	Enhanced curcumin bioavailability (BA)	[82]
	Apotransferrin and lactoferrin NP	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Enhanced doxorubicin BA and decreased liver nodule number	[83]
	Milk casein NP	–	Increased resveratrol BA than free administered drug	[88]
	Polydopamine NPs	–	Increased gastric targeting and local xanthatin delivery	[120]
5. Lipid nanoparticles	Hybrid lipid- poly(ε-caprolactone) NP	Subcutaneous model of hepatic cancer	Increased cabazitaxel BA and tumor growth inhibition	[92]
	Hybrid polymer-lipid NP	–	Increased berberine bioavailability	[93]
	Chitosan coated solid lipid NP	–	Increased curcumin bioavailability	[95]
	Amphiphilic and pegylated lipids and cholesterol	–	Increased siRNA delivery to immune cells	[101]
	Squalene NP	Colon cancer	Increased paclitaxel delivery and tumor killing properties	[122]
6. Bioinspired systems	Chimeric Virus-like Particles (VLPs) decorated with VSP	HA-expressing tumor	Increased immune response against HA-expressing mesothelioma	[107]
	Live attenuated salmonella coated with polymeric particles	Melanoma	Increased immune response against VEGFR2	[108]
	Yeast loaded polymeric nanoparticles	Subcutaneous breast cancer	Increased paclitaxel delivery via macrophages	[110]
	Milk exosomes	Subcutaneous lung cancer model	Increased tumor killing properties and safety	[115]