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. 2021 Oct 30;14:50. doi: 10.1186/s13072-021-00424-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 9 — Visualization of dynamic chromatin motion. Schemes for LacO/LacI-GFP (A) and CRISPR-based chromatin labeling (B). C Constrained diffusion motion of chromatin: mean square displacement (MSD) plots (± SD among cells) of single nucleosomes in living (black) and formaldehyde-fixed (red) human RPE-1 cells over time (0.05 to 3 s) (data from [185]). D Scheme for single-nucleosome tracking. A small number of nucleosomes are labeled with photoactivatable GFP or other fluorescent tag to get sparse labeling. E Multiscale model of chromatin integrating three resolutions: atomistic (left), amino acid/base pair (center), and nucleosome (right) [128]. These models allow the exploration into how atomistic and residue level variations affect the structure and dynamics of chromatin fibers and domains. Illustration was reproduced from [189]. F (left) Scheme of chromatin heat map. In the heat map, small movements for 50 ms are shown in blue, and large movements are shown in red. (center) PALM (photo-activated localization microscopy) super resolution image and the chromatin heat map of a living mouse ES (embryonic stem) cell (right). Heterochromatin regions (nuclear periphery and pericentromeric heterochromatin) show dark blue. Data reproduced from [133]