Table 2.
Surgical management, perioperative and anaesthetic clinical information amongst nonagenarian patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture
| Category and variables | Survived (n = 439) | Deceased (n = 98) | p value | Effect size | Correlation coefficient (p value) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surgical factors | |||||||||
| Time to surgery from admission to hospital (hours)‡ | 34.25 ± 37.49 | 38.28 ± 45.92 | 0.358 | 0.10 | 0.042 (0.328) | ||||
| Operation time (min)‡ | 131.92 ± 137.71 | 138.77 ± 145.15 | 0.660 | 0.05 | − 0.004 (0.921) | ||||
| Surgery performed out-of-hours+ | 237 (54) | 61 (62.2) | 0.137 | 0.06 | 0.064 (0.137) | ||||
| Emergency§ | 432 (98.4) | 95 (96.9) | 0.400 | – | − 0.042 (0.332) | ||||
| Femur neck fracture+ | 367 (83.6) | 78 (79.6) | 0.341 | 0.04 | − 0.041 (0.342) | ||||
| Preoperative block+ | 235 (53.5) | 59 (60.2) | 0.230 | 0.05 | 0.052 (0.231) | ||||
| Combined other surgery+ | 25 (5.7) | 8 (8.2) | 0.358 | 0.04 | 0.040 (0.358) | ||||
| Preoperative conditions | |||||||||
| Preoperative transfusion+ | 23 (5.2) | 5 (5.1) | 0.956 | 0.001 | − 0.002 (0.956) | ||||
| Anaesthesia factors | |||||||||
| Regional anaesthesia combined+ | 200 (45.6) | 45 (45.9) | 0.948 | 0.003 | 0.003 (0.948) | ||||
| Invasive monitoring+ | 311 (71.2) | 73 (74.5) | 0.509 | 0.03 | 0.029 (0.510) | ||||
| Intraoperative vasopressors used+ | 371 (84.5) | 87 (88.8) | 0.281 | 0.05 | 0.047 (0.282) | ||||
| Intraoperative fluid management | |||||||||
| Total fluid amount (ml)¶ | 1000 (1000–1000) [0:3000] | 1000 (1000–1000) [0:2250] | 0.729 | − 0.01 | 0.015 (0.729) | ||||
| No. of patients who received an intraoperative transfusion+ | 23 (5.2) | 9 (9.2) | 0.136 | 0.06 | 0.064 (0.136) | ||||
| Intraoperatively transfused red blood cell units | 1 (1‒1) [1:2], N = 23 | 1 (1–1.5) [1:3], N = 9 | 0.273 | − 0.194 | – | ||||
| No. of events of Intraoperative hypotension¶ | 0 (0–2) [0:21] | 0 (0–1) [0:13] | 0.038* | − 0.09 | − 0.090 (0.038)* | ||||
| No. of events of Intraoperative hypotension, severe | 0 (0–0) [0:28] | 0 (0–0) [0:16] | 0.246 | − 0.05 | − 0.050 (0.246) | ||||
| Opioid | |||||||||
| Preoperative opioid used+ | 323 (73.6) | 79 (80.6) | 0.147 | 0.06 | 0.063 (0.147) | ||||
| Intraoperative opioid use+ | 352 (80.2) | 85 (86.7) | 0.132 | 0.07 | 0.065 (0.132) | ||||
| Intraoperative opioid dose (mg)‡ | 10.1 ± 12.57 | 12.88 ± 21.19 | 0.087 | 0.19 | 0.039 (0.365) | ||||
| Postoperative opioid used+ | 172 (39.2) | 43 (44.8) | 0.310 | 0.04 | 0.044 (0.311) | ||||
| Patient controlled analgesia+ | 131 (29.8) | 24 (25) | 0.344 | 0.04 | − 0.041 (0.345) | ||||
| Postoperative opioid dose (mg)‡ | 183.59 ± 448.78 | 323.52 ± 788.17 | 0.096 | 0.27 | 0.052 (0.228) | ||||
| Postoperative management | |||||||||
| Postoperative hypotension episodes | 0 (0–1) [0:26] | 0 (0–0) [0:15] | 0.362 | − 0.04 | − 0.039 (0.362) | ||||
| Postoperative vasopressor use+ | 31 (7.1) | 10 (10.3) | 0.276 | 0.05 | 0.047 (0.277) | ||||
| ICU care§ | 12 (2.7) | 4 (4.1) | 0.509 | – | 0.031 (0.479) | ||||
| Return to theatre+ | 20 (4.6) | 8 (8.2) | 0.146 | 0.06 | 0.063 (0.147) | ||||
| Readmission+ | 11 (2.5) | 5 (5.1) | 0.187 | 0.06 | 0.059 (0.172) | ||||
| No. of medical emergency team activations¶ | 0 (0–0) [0:7] | 0 (0–1) [0:5] | 0.019* | − 0.10 | 0.101 (0.019)* | ||||
Values are expressed as mean ± SD, median (IQR) [Max/Min], or number (%)
Effect size: Cohen’s d for t test, common effect size r for Mann–Whitney test, Cramér’s V for the Chi-squared test. Correlation coefficient: Spearman’s rho and corresponding p value. Time to surgery: time from admission to surgery start. Opioid doses are presented as a total amount of all kinds of opioids used as a morphine-equipotent dose
*Two-sided p value < 0.050
+Chi-squared test
‡T test
§Fisher’s exact test
¶Mann–Whitney test