Table 2.

Comparison of clinical trial methodologies

Clinical trials/protocol	Albert et al. [6]	Bråten et al. [7]	Urquhart et al. (2021)
Patient subgroup
	Participants with disc herniation and type 1 Modic changes	Participants with disc herniation and type 1 and 2 Modic changes	Participants with disc herniation—with and without type 1 and 2 Modic changes
Intervention
	Amoxicillin-clavulanate (500/125 mg) 100 days	Amoxicillin (750 mg) 3 months	Amoxicillin-clavulanate (500/125 mg) 3 months
Other treatments allowed
	No other treatment allowed during the 1 year trial period.	Usual care allowed Encouraged to limit non-steroidal anti-inflammatories	Usual care allowed Use of non-opioid analgesia and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories permitted