Table 3.
Demographic characteristics/risk factors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and association with positive depression screenings (n = 2,079)
| Pre-pandemic | During the pandemic | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%)a | No. (%)a | |||||||
|
Screened for depression (n = 1474) |
Positive screeningb (n = 207) |
OR | Sig. (p)c |
Screened for depression (n = 605) |
Positive screeningb (n = 64) |
OR | Sig. (p)c | |
| Maternal race | ||||||||
| White | 844 (57.3) | 121 (14.6) | 1.00 | .965 | 343 (56.7) | 39 (11.6) | 0.84 | .203 |
| Black or African American | 370 (25.1) | 50 (13.7) | 157 (26.0) | 17 (11.0) | ||||
| Asian | 39 (2.6) | 5 (12.8) | 8 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 55 (3.7) | 10 (18.9) | 29 (4.8) | 2 (6.9) | ||||
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 8 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| More than one race | 65 (4.4) | 10 (15.4) | 32 (5.3) | 2 (6.3) | ||||
| Maternal ethnicity | ||||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 446 (30.3) | 37 (8.5) | 0.55 | < .001 | 158 (26.1) | 7 (4.6) | 0.34 | .003 |
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 981 (66.6) | 163 (16.9) | 426 (70.4) | 55 (13.0) | ||||
| Family language | ||||||||
| English | 1142 (77.5) | 184 (16.4) | 2.58 | < .001 | 488 (80.7) | 60 (12.4) | 3.00 | .020 |
| Spanish | 283 (19.2) | 17 (6.2) | 105 (17.4) | 4 (4.0) | ||||
| Family income level | ||||||||
| Low income | 1195 (81.1) | 188 (16.0) | 1.94 | .002 | 502 (83.0) | 55 (11.2) | 1.27 | .481 |
| Not low income | 279 (18.9) | 19 (7.0) | 103 (17.0) | 9 (8.7) | ||||
| Intimate partner violence (IPV) | ||||||||
| Exposed to IPV | 117 (7.9) | 34 (29.8) | 2.78 | < .001 | 46 (7.6) | 13 (28.3) | 4.03 | < .001 |
| No exposure to IPV | 1357 (92.1) | 173 (13.0) | 559 (92.4) | 51 (9.3) | ||||
| Parental substance abuse | ||||||||
| Current or previous substance abuse | 155 (10.5) | 37 (24.7) | 2.01 | .001 | 85 (14.0) | 11 (12.9) | 1.25 | .526 |
| No substance abuse | 1319 (89.5) | 170 (13.1) | 520 (86.0) | 53 (10.4) | ||||
| Parental physical health | ||||||||
| Parent has disability/health condition | 137 (9.3) | 30 (22.6) | 1.73 | .017 | 52 (8.6) | 6 (11.8) | 1.06 | .903 |
| No parental disability/health condition | 1337 (90.7) | 177 (13.5) | 553 (91.4) | 58 (10.6) | ||||
| Housing stability | ||||||||
| Experiencing housing instability | 155 (10.5) | 37 (24.5) | 2.22 | < .001 | 48 (7.9) | 5 (10.6) | 0.99 | .984 |
| Experiencing stable housing | 1319 (89.5) | 170 (13.1) | 557 (92.1) | 59 (10.7) | ||||
| Parental incarceration | ||||||||
| History of parental incarceration | 72 (4.9) | 13 (18.6) | 1.33 | .378 | 36 (6.0) | 9 (25.0) | 3.07 | .007 |
| No history of parental incarceration | 1402 (95.1) | 194 (14.1) | 569 (94.0) | 55 (9.8) | ||||
The pre-pandemic period was defined as March 16, 2019 to July 27, 2019 and the post-pandemic onset period was defined as March 16, 2020 to July 27, 2020
aCategories and percentages may not add up to the total due to missing data
bA positive depression screening was defined as either ≥ 10 on the PHQ-9 or ≥ 13 on the EPDS. Percentages reflect the number of mothers who met criteria for depression / number of mothers screened
cP-values are based on separate simple linear and logistic regression models that accounted for clustering