Table 3.

Education–Media-based population-level initiatives

Year	Authors	Country of origin	Population studied	Actual sample size	Study design	Intervention method	Follow-up time (post-intervention)	Outcome types	Estimated burn incidence (baseline rates/100,000)	Outcomes
2019	Homaie et al. [36]	Iran (Guilan)	Children and students in Guilan	Not available: population size not reported	Pre-post	Educational materials (pamphlets, posters and banners), radio and television interviews, two media press conferences, 70 educational and preventive messages on social media. The campaign was held between February and March 2016.	1 year	Burns incidence (measured using a data registry system of a Trauma Research Centre) and incidence of eye, ear and nose injury; injuries were related to a firework event	Unclear population size	Burn injuries reduced from 32 to 10 (68% reduction). Burden of disease (DALY): post-intervention DALY for burn injuries was significantly lower than pre-intervention (p = 0.0460); per injured person, 3.27 years reduction in DALY was reported; mean age of injuries (all injuries) was increased from 27.75 to 32.65 years (but not statistically significant, p = 0.0783); trend in reduction of burn TBSA (21.4 to 17.2, not statistically significant, p = 0.43) but not in incidence of full thickness burns (increased from 62 to 71.4%)
2011	Sarma [35]	India (Digboi and Guwahati)	Employees and dependents of an oil corporation; high-school students of 14 schools; the populations around Digboi and Guwahati	Oil corporation employees (n = 15,000); population around Digboi and Guwahti (n = ~2 million); high-school students (n = 1240)	Pre-post	Audio-visual aids; annual school programme using audio-visual aids and verbal question and answer sessions/quizzes; articles in house journals/periodicals/newspapers; banners and posters; visits to workers at the refinery; special sessions and a press meet 3 weeks prior to Diwali; books and booklets in local languages; radio and television advertisements	7 years	Burns incidence (measured using hospital records)	Unclear population size	Reduction of the patients admitted with burns on average per year (p < 0.001); reduction in children (<18 years old) and young adults (19–40 years old) admitted with burn injury (p < 0.001); reduction in 1–20% TBSA (p = 0.007) and 40–60% TBSA (p = 0.048); overall reduction in mean TBSA (p < 0.001); reduction in firecracker burns during Diwali (p < 0.001)
2007	Ahmadi and Ytterstad [38]	Iran (Gilangharb and Sarpolzahab)	Populations in Gilangharb and Sarpolzahab	Estimated population sizes: Gilangharb 70,000, Sarpolzahab (control) 89,000	Non-randomized control	Yearly video shown in secondary and high-schools, video clubs and community groups with a booster programme in endemic areas; painting and writing competitions	No post-intervention follow-up: self-immolation burns incidence recorded over 3-year intervention period	Self-immolation burns incidence (measured using hospital records)	Self-immolation attempt rates: Gilangharb: 14.3 per 100 k, Sarpolzahab: 14.9 per 100 k	Self-immolation rates fell by 57% in Gilangharb (not significant) and 27% in Sarpolzahab; Gilangharb all suicide attempt rates were 43% lower than Sarpolzahab (p < 0.001)
1990	Mohan and Varghese [37]	India (Delhi)	Population of Delhi	Not available: population size not reported	Pre-post	Newspaper articles and advertisements, documentary, television advertisements	No post-intervention follow-up: burns incidence recorded over 2 year intervention period	Burns incidence (measured using hospital records)	Unclear population size	Reduction of burns presenting to two hospitals. Reduction in proportion of burn from ‘anars’, which are highly dangerous fireworks

DALY Disability adjusted life years, TBSA total body surface area