. 2021 Sep 8;9(2):e00105-21. doi: 10.1128/Spectrum.00105-21

TABLE 2.

Effects of inulin addition on the inflammatory cytokine and oxidative stress indexes in serum of dairy cows with SCM

Item^a	Group (n = 6)^a					SEM^a	P value
Item^a	Con	I-1	I-2	I-3	I-4	SEM^a	P value
TP, g/liter	62.1	63.4	63.7	63.8	62.6	0.15	0.152
ALB, g/liter	40.2	42.8	42.6	42.7	41.0	0.33	0.274
GLB, g/liter	21.9	20.6	21.1	21.1	21.6	0.31	0.692
IgA, μg/ml	11.7	10.6	13.8	11.3	10.2	0.46	0.284
IgG, mg/ml	6.04^a	5.73^ab	4.99^b	4.87^b	5.72^ab	0.053	0.013
IgM, mg/ml	72.2	72.7	70.3	71.1	69.6	0.81	0.220
IL-6, ng/liter	425^a	325^b	300^bc	294^c	341^b	7.7	0.035
IL-8, ng/liter	322^a	325^a	294^bc	277^c	302^bc	4.9	0.034
IL-10, pg/ml	15.1	14.2	17.6	16.7	16.1	0.40	0.075
IL-4, pg/ml	34.8^c	35.7^c	39.5^b	42.3^a	38.2^b	0.93	0.042
IL-2, pg/ml	56.7	54.5	51.3	52.7	53.2	0.68	0.067
TNF-α, ng/liter	217^a	206^b	182^c	180^c	205^b	4.4	0.042
PGE₂, pg/ml	94.4^a	85.1^b	84.6^b	80.1^c	81.2^c	1.43	0.036
GSH-Px, μmol/liter	4.33	4.28	4.30	4.56	4.48	0.083	0.174
SOD, U/ml	45.8^c	50.9^b	52.7^a	53.2^a	50.2^b	0.35	0.041
MDA, nmol/ml	2.57^a	2.51^a	1.87^c	1.85^c	2.01^b	0.053	0.022

TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; GLB, globulin; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; PGE₂, prostaglandin E₂; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; SEM, standard error of the mean; Con, control group; I-1, inulin-1 group with an inulin addition level of 100 g/day per cow; I-2, inulin-2 group with an inulin addition level of 200 g/day per cow; I-3, inulin-3 group with an inulin addition level of 300 g/day per cow; I-4, inulin-4 group with an inulin addition level of 400 g/day per cow; ^{a, b, c}, within a row, different letters differed significantly (P < 0.05).