TABLE 1.
Antibiotic treatments in the sampled farms
| Farm IDa | Region | Administered antibiotics | Antibiotic treatment duration (days) | Reasons for antibiotic usage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | Akkar | Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 6 | Prevention and cure |
| A2 | Akkar | Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, gentamicin | 6 | Prevention and cure |
| A3 | Akkar | Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, florfenicol, tilmicosin | 3 | Prevention and cure |
| A4 | Akkar | Ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, florfenicol, gentamicin | 6 | Prevention and cure |
| A5 | Akkar | Colistin, doxycycline, tilmicosin | 6 | Prevention and cure |
| A6 | Akkar | Ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, tilmicosin | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| Bb1 | Baalbeck | Colistin, doxycycline, florfenicol, gentamicin | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| Bb2 | Baalbeck | Colistin, doxycycline, florfenicol, gentamicin | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| Bb3 | Baalbeck | Ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 30 | Prevention and cure |
| Bb4 | Baalbeck | Ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 30 | Prevention and cure |
| B1 | Beqaa | Colistin, doxycycline, florfenicol, gentamicin, tilmicosin | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| B2 | Beqaa | Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| B3 | Beqaa | Amoxicillin, doxycycline, gentamicin | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| B4 | Beqaa | Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| B5 | Beqaa | Doxycycline | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| B6 | Beqaa | Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| B7 | Beqaa | Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| B8 | Beqaa | Doxycycline | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| M1 | Mount Lebanon | Doxycycline, florfenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| M2 | Mount Lebanon | Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin | 3 | Prevention and cure |
| M3 | Mount Lebanon | Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| M4 | Mount Lebanon | Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| M5 | Mount Lebanon | Ciprofloxacin, tilmicosin | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| M6 | Mount Lebanon | Cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 3 | Prevention and cure |
| M7b | Mount Lebanon | NAc | NAc | Cure (only in case of infection) |
| M8 | Mount Lebanon | Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| M9 | Mount Lebanon | Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| N1 | Nabatieh | Amoxicillin, colistin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, tilmicosin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| N2 | Nabatieh | Amoxicillin, colistin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, tilmicosin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| N3 | Nabatieh | Amoxicillin, colistin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, tilmicosin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 15 | Prevention and cure |
| ND1 | North | Cephalexin, doxycycline, gentamicin | 3 | Prevention and cure |
| ND2 | North | Cephalexin, doxycycline, gentamicin | 3 | Prevention and cure |
| ND3 | North | Cephalexin, doxycycline, gentamicin | 3 | Prevention and cure |
| ND4 | North | Ciprofloxacin | 3 | Prevention and cure |
| ND5 | North | Doxycycline | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| ND6 | North | Doxycycline | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| ND7 | North | Doxycycline | 5 | Prevention and cure |
| ND8 | North | Ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, gentamicin | 6 | Prevention and cure |
| ND9 | North | Ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| ND10 | North | Ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, gentamicin, tilmicosin | 6 | Prevention and cure |
| S1 | South | Amoxicillin, colistin | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| S2 | South | Amoxicillin, colistin | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| S3 | South | Amoxicillin, colistin, tilmicosin | 30 | Prevention and cure |
| S4 | South | Amoxicillin, colistin, erythromycin, neomycin | 15 | Prevention and cure |
| S5 | South | Amoxicillin, colistin, erythromycin, neomycin | 15 | Prevention and cure |
| S6 | South | Amoxicillin, colistin, erythromycin, neomycin | 15 | Prevention and cure |
| S7 | South | Colistin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole | 15 | Prevention and cure |
| S8 | South | Amoxicillin, colistin, doxycycline, gentamicin | 10 | Prevention and cure |
| S9b | South | NAc | NAc | Cure (only in case of infection) |
| S10 | South | Amoxicillin, colistin, tylosin | 30 | Prevention and cure |
| S11 | South | Doxycycline, gentamicin | 20 | Prevention and cure |
| S12 | South | Amoxicillin, cefpodoxime, ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, gentamicin, spiramycin, tylosin | 12 | Prevention and cure |
| S13 | South | Amoxicillin, cefpodoxime, ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, gentamicin, spiramycin, tylosin | 25 | Prevention and cure |
| S14b | South | NAc | NAc | Cure (only in case of infection) |
| S15b | South | NAc | NAc | Cure (only in case of infection) |
| S16 | South | Amoxicillin, cefpodoxime, ciprofloxacin, colistin, doxycycline, gentamicin, spiramycin, tylosin | 15 | Prevention and cure |
a
N = 56.
b
Farms in which no ESC-resistant strains were isolated.
c
No antibiotic administration on the sampled flock.