Table 1.
Baseline and admission characteristics
| All (n = 1248) | No AKI (n = 761) | All AKI (n = 487) | AKI1 (n = 248) | AKI2 (n = 64) | AKI3 (n = 175) | pb | pc for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||||
|
Age (years) mean (SD) |
69 (17.1) | 67.4 (18.2) | 71.2 (14.7) | 74.4 (14.4) | 76.3 (13.2) | 64.7 (13.4) | 0.002 | < 0.001 |
|
Male, n (%) |
734 (58.8%) | 423 (55.6%) | 311 (63.9%) | 150 (60.5%) | 40 (62.5%) | 121 (69.1%) | 0.004 | 0.009 |
|
Ethnicity, n (%) |
0.003 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| White | 613 (49.1%) | 392 (51.5%) | 221 (45.4%) | 130 (52.4%) | 36 (56.2%) | 55 (31.4%) | ||
| Black | 342 (27.4%) | 183 (24%) | 159 (32.6%) | 69 (27.8%) | 20 (31.2%) | 70 (40.0%) | ||
| Asian | 102 (8.2%) | 69 (9.1%) | 33 (6.8%) | 14 (5.6%) | 4 (6.2%) | 15 (8.6%) | ||
| Mixed and other | 81 (6.5%) | 52 (6.8%) | 29 (5.9%) | 10 (4.0%) | 2 (3.1%) | 17 (9.8%) | ||
| Unknown | 110 (8.8%) | 65 (8.5%) | 45 (9.2%) | 25 (10.1%) | 2 (3.1%) | 18 (10.3%) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
|
CKDa, n (%) |
207 (26.6%) | 77 (10.1%) | 130 (26.7%) | 75(30.2%) | 18(28.2%) | 37(21.1%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
|
Hypertension, n (%) |
681 (54.6%) | 346 (45.5%) | 335 (68.8%) | 176 (71.0%) | 44 (68.8%) | 115 (65.7%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
|
IHD, n (%) |
180 (14.5%) | 101 (13.4%) | 79 (16.2%) | 43 (17.3%) | 11 (17.2%) | 25 (14.3%) | 0.162 | 0.426 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 161 (12.9%) | 79 (10.4%) | 82 (16.8%) | 50 (20.2%) | 13 (20.3%) | 19 (10.9%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
|
Diabetes, n (%) |
406 (32.7%) | 207 (27.4%) | 199 (40.9%) | 100 (40.3%) | 25 (39.7%) | 74 (42.3%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
|
Malignancy, n (%) |
207 (16.6%) | 122 (16.0%) | 85 (17.5%) | 53 (21.4%) | 13 (20.6%) | 19 (10.9%) | 0.500 | 0.027 |
| Neurological history, n (%) | 0.071 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Dementia | 203 (16.3%) | 112 (14.7%) | 91 (18.7%) | 61 (24.6%) | 16 (25.0%) | 14 (8.0%) | ||
| Other | 163 (13.1%) | 109 (14.3%) | 54 (11.1%) | 30 (12.1%) | 9 (14.1%) | 15 (8.6%) | ||
|
Lung disease, n (%) |
0.007 | 0.028 | ||||||
| Asthma | 118 (9.5%) | 85 (11.2%) | 33 (6.8%) | 16 (6.5%) | 2 (3.1%) | 15 (8.6%) | ||
| COPD | 122 (9.8%) | 70 (9.2%) | 52 (10.7%) | 28 (11.3%) | 9 (14.1%) | 15 (8.6%) | ||
| Other | 75 (6%) | 36 (4.7%) | 39 (8.0%) | 23 (9.3%) | 2 (3.1%) | 14 (8.0%) | ||
| Smoking status, n (%), (n = 296) | 0.101 | 0.252 | ||||||
| Current | 41(4.3%) | 23 (3.9%) | 18 (4.9%) | 12 (6.2%) | 2 (4.4%) | 4 (3.1%) | ||
| Ex | 287 (30.1%) | 164 (27.9%) | 123 (33.7%) | 68 (35.4%) | 16 (35.6%) | 39 (30.5%) | ||
| Medications | ||||||||
|
ACEi or ARB usage, n (%) |
331 (26.5%) | 161 (21.2%) | 170 (34.9%) | 92 (37.1%) | 20 (31.2%) | 58 (33.1%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
|
Immunosuppression, n (%) |
120 (9.7%) | 71 (9.4%) | 49 (10.1%) | 25 (10.1%) | 9 (14.1%) | 15 (8.6%) | 0.679 | 0.624 |
| Laboratory results | ||||||||
| Neutrophil:Lymphoyte ratio, Median (IQR) | 5.6 (3.6, 9.5) | 5.2 (3.3, 8.6) | 6.5 (4.1, 10.9) | 6.1 (3.8, 10.6) | 6.0 (3.5, 14.0) | 7.4 (4.7, 11.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
|
CRP (mg/l), Median (IQR) |
84 (38.9, 151) |
74 (33.4, 133) |
107.8 (49.4, 170.3) |
80 (41.3, 142.0) |
108.2 (40.4, 169.6) | 136.0 (79.7, 241.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
|
Albumin(g/l), Median (IQR) |
37 (34.0, 40) |
38 (35.0, 41) |
37 (34.0, 39.0) |
37 (34, 39.5) |
36 (31.5, 39) |
37 (34.0, 39) |
< 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Haemoglobin(g/dl), Median (IQR) | 133 (120, 145) | 133 (121, 144) | 132 (116, 145) | 127 (112, 141) | 131 (115, 145) | 138.0 (124, 152) | 0.125 | < 0.001 |
| Platelet count(×109 /l), Median (IQR) |
216(165, 274) |
214(168, 270) | 217 (162, 279) | 223 (162, 283) | 215 (161, 275) | 212 (163, 278) | 0.882 | 0.926 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Inpatient diuretic use,n (%) | 199 (16.1%) | 91 (12.1%) | 108 (22.3%) | 64 (25.8%) | 14 (21.9%) | 30 (17.4%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Inpatient PE or DVT, n (%) | 86 (6.9%) | 33 (4.3%) | 53 (10.9%) | 13 (5.3%) | 5 (7.8%) | 35 (20.1%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 192 (15.4%) | 43 (5.7%) | 149 (30.6%) | 16 (6.5%) | 7 (10.9%) | 126 (72%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
AKI acute kidney injury, CKD chronickidneydisease, IHD ischaemic heart disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ACE-I angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, PE pulmonary embolism, DVT deep vein thrombosis, ICU intensive care unit
adefined as eGFR< 60 ml/min/1.73m2
bcomparison between AKI vs non-AKI
ccomparison across AKI stage subgroups