FIG. 1.

Schematic of experimental plan. (a) We compared the printability of four alginate-based bioinks (alginate-CaCl₂, alginate-CaSO₄, alginate-gelatin, and alginate-nanocellulose). We assessed their potential to form defined constructs and interrogated the physical properties of these constructs. (b) The biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of the different bioinks were tested by encapsulating MSCs and evaluating the osteogenic response of cells within 3D-printed constructs. (c) Finally, a 3D reconstruction from MRI scans of the scaphoid bone of a healthy patient was bioprinted, and we assessed its potential for the fabrication of cell-laden anatomically accurate osteogenic grafts. Created with BioRender.com. 3D, three-dimensional; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MSCs, mesenchymal stromal cells. Color images are available online.