Table 1.
Study and participant characteristics at baseline
| Article | Location | Clinical Status | Age | N | Sex | Recruitment Method | Affective Lability measure | Affective Lability assessment tool | Ascertainment of affective lability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akiskal et al. 1995 | US | MDD | 17 + | NR | NR | Sub-population from larger depression study | Mood Lability | GZTS (emotional stability) + MMPI (neuroticism) combined | Self-report |
| Angst et al. 2003 | Switzer-land | Non-clinical |
Range = 19–20 Mean = 20 |
591 | F = 51% | Community cohort study | Emotional & vegetative lability | SCl-90-R | Self-report |
| DeGeorge et al. 2014* | US | At-risk, clinical, non-clinical |
Mean = 20 SD = 2 |
123 | F = 69% | Introductory Psychology course | Cyclothymic/irritable temperament | TEMPS-A | Self-report |
| Sperry et al. 2020* | 101 | Emotion dynamics (positive & negative affect) | ESM for PA and NA | ||||||
| Egeland et al. 2012 | US | At-risk offspring & non-clinical | Most < 14 | 221 | F = 51% | Sub-population from larger study (CARE) | Mood Lability | Interview developed by expert panel | Clinician |
| Gan et al. 2011 | China | MDD | NR | 344 | F = 62% | Hospital archive records, outpatient clinical records | Diurnal variation in mood | Clinical assessments | Self-report |
| Hafeman et al., 2017 | US | Non-clinical BD offspring |
Range = 6–18 Mean = 12 SD = 4 |
480 | NR | Advertisement, research studies, outpatient clinics | Affective Lability | CALS | Self-report |
| Kochman et al. 2005 | France | MDD | Mean = 13 SD = 3 | 109 | NR | Child inpatient admissions | Cyclothymic-hypersensitive temperament | Adapted TEMPS-A cyclothymic scale | Self-report |
| Ratheesh et al. 2015 | Australia | MDD, anxiety, SUD, ADD |
Range = 15–25 Mean = 20 SD = 3 |
70 | F = 85% | At-risk youth seeking mental health support | Cyclothymic temperament | TEMPS-A | Self-report |
| Salvatore et al. 2013 | Italy, US | MDDP |
Range = 10–82 Mean = 35 SD = 16 |
500 | F = 45% | Psychiatric inpatients | Affective or psychomotor instability | AMDP and BSABS | Trained evaluator assessments |
| Tohen et al. 2012 | US | MDDP |
Range = 18–72 Mean = 36 SD = 15 |
56 | F = 50% | Inpatient unit | Mood lability | AMDP + BABS | Research assistant |
US United states, MDD major depressive disorder, NR not reported, GZTS Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey, MMPI-N The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, for Neuroticism, F female, M male, SCl-90-R Symptom Checklist-90-R, SD standard deviation, TEMPS-A Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire, ESM experience sampling method, PA positive affect, NA negative affect, CARE prospective Children and Adolescent Research Evaluation study, SCID Structured clinical interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, BD bipolar disorder, CALS Children’s Affective Lability Scale, SUD substance use disorder, ADD attention deficit disorder, MDDP MDD with psychosis, AMDP Manual for the Assessment and Documentation of Psychopathology, BSABS/BABS Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms
*Sperry et al. 2020 and DeGeorge et al. 2014 are two papers from the same study. Although analyses were conducted for participants without BD at baseline, participant sex and age averages were not provided for the subgroup considered in this review (we report averages from the total sample, which are expected to be comparable)