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. 2021 Oct 18;9:739944. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.739944

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Copyright © 2021 Zhong, Zhao, Li, Liu, Pan, Yuan, Xing, Zhao, Ling and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 knockout inhibits DVL2/CaMKII/HDAC4 signal in mice heart after simulated microgravity. (A) Representative western blots for WWP1, DVL2, and CaMKIIδ and phosphorylation at Thr287 and HDAC4 and phosphorylation at Ser246 in the hearts from WT and WWP1 KO mice after 6 weeks of tail suspension. GAPDH levels served as a loading control. (B–D) Quantification analysis of corresponding protein in (A). (E) Model of WWP1 function in simulated microgravity-induced cardiac remodeling signaling. Data represent the means ± SEM. ***P < 0.001. WWP1, WW-domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; DVL2, disheveled segment polarity protein 2; CaMKII, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; HDAC4, histone deacetylase 4; TS, tail suspension.