Structural determinants
Socio-economic and political context	Example (ref)	Variable selection in population level epidemiological studies
Governance	Welfare State concept (75, 76)	Capitalism vs. Socialist State, Democratic vs. Republican government
Macroeconomic policies	Unemployment insurance, early retirement (77)	Average age of retirement, % unemployed
Social policies	Public provision of basic education, health services, and housing (76)	Distance traveled to see primary care doctor
Public policies	Governmental rules regarding the various contexts above (78, 79)	% GDP spent on healthcare, % GDP spent on equitable housing
Cultural and societal values	Cultural context and cardiovascular disease (80)	% Of a specific religion
Epidemiological conditions	Current state of various diseases and risk factors in the area. Eg. HIV (81)	% Smokers, % of area suffering with HIV
Bidirectional association
Socio-economic position
Income	Poverty and its effect on health (82)	Median income of household, % living below poverty line, GINI index (83)
Education	Cancer mortality in the United States by education level (84)	% educated till 10th grade, % college graduates
Occupation	How occupation contributes to risk factors for cardiovascular disease (85)	Classified into professional, Intermediate, Skilled non-manual, Skilled manual, Partly skilled, Unskilled
Social classes	Associations of social class with patterns of general and mental health (86)	% Without any vehicle, % veterans, % disabled
Gender	Gender disparities in the survival of metastatic colon cancer (87)	%Women, %trangender/homosexual
Race/ethnicity	Racial disparities in use of breast cancer therapy (88)	% African-American, % Hispanic