Table 1.
Study population. Collected demographics and clinical metadata used as inputs for classification models are shown here for the overall cohort, and those with and without olfactory dysfunction. Count (%) and Fisher’s exact test were used for categorical variables, while median (25th quantile, 75th quantile) and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used for numeric variables. Data sorted from smallest to largest Q-value (multiple testing adjusted P-value).
| Characteristic | Overall, n = 611 | n | Olfactory dysfunction | P-value | Q-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes, n = 203 | No, n = 408 | |||||
| CRS with polyps | 611 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 399 (65%) | 86 (42%) | 313 (77%) | |||
| Yes | 212 (35%) | 117 (58%) | 95 (23%) | |||
| Total endoscopy score | 6.0 (4.0, 8.5) | 607 | 8.0 (4.0, 11.0) | 4.0 (2.0, 7.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total CT score | 12.0 (7.0, 16.0) | 582 | 15.0 (10.0, 19.0) | 11.0 (6.0, 14.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| AERD | 611 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 567 (93%) | 173 (85%) | 394 (97%) | |||
| Yes | 44 (7.2%) | 30 (15%) | 14 (3.4%) | |||
| Age | 51.0 (38.3, 61.7) | 611 | 56.6 (44.6, 65.4) | 49.1 (36.9, 59.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Prior surgery | 610 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 278 (46%) | 66 (33%) | 212 (52%) | |||
| 1 | 153 (25%) | 56 (28%) | 97 (24%) | |||
| 2 | 90 (15%) | 34 (17%) | 56 (14%) | |||
| 3 | 40 (6.6%) | 24 (12%) | 16 (3.9%) | |||
| 4+ | 49 (8.0%) | 23 (11%) | 26 (6.4%) | |||
| Insurance | 610 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Employer provided | 373 (61%) | 112 (55%) | 261 (64%) | |||
| Medicaid | 24 (3.9%) | 4 (2.0%) | 20 (4.9%) | |||
| Medicare | 129 (21%) | 63 (31%) | 66 (16%) | |||
| None | 6 (1.0%) | 5 (2.5%) | 1 (0.2%) | |||
| Private | 62 (10%) | 13 (6.4%) | 49 (12%) | |||
| State assisted | 8 (1.3%) | 4 (2.0%) | 4 (1.0%) | |||
| VA benefits | 3 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.7%) | |||
| VA benefits/tricare | 5 (0.8%) | 2 (1.0%) | 3 (0.7%) | |||
| Asthma | 611 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 397 (65%) | 110 (54%) | 287 (70%) | |||
| Yes | 214 (35%) | 93 (46%) | 121 (30%) | |||
| Septal deviation | 611 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |||
| No | 408 (67%) | 155 (76%) | 253 (62%) | |||
| Yes | 203 (33%) | 48 (24%) | 155 (38%) | |||
| Recurrent acute sinusitis | 611 | <0.001 | 0.003 | |||
| No | 571 (93%) | 199 (98%) | 372 (91%) | |||
| Yes | 40 (6.5%) | 4 (2.0%) | 36 (8.8%) | |||
| Steroid dependence | 611 | 0.003 | 0.009 | |||
| No | 555 (91%) | 174 (86%) | 381 (93%) | |||
| Yes | 56 (9.2%) | 29 (14%) | 27 (6.6%) | |||
| Sex | 611 | 0.013 | 0.037 | |||
| Female | 324 (53%) | 93 (46%) | 231 (57%) | |||
| Male | 287 (47%) | 110 (54%) | 177 (43%) | |||
| AFRS | 611 | 0.019 | 0.049 | |||
| No | 593 (97%) | 192 (95%) | 401 (98%) | |||
| Yes | 18 (2.9%) | 11 (5.4%) | 7 (1.7%) | |||
| COPD | 611 | 0.020 | 0.049 | |||
| No | 579 (95%) | 186 (92%) | 393 (96%) | |||
| Yes | 32 (5.2%) | 17 (8.4%) | 15 (3.7%) | |||
| Household income | 595 | 0.027 | 0.064 | |||
| 0–25,000 | 96 (16%) | 34 (17%) | 62 (16%) | |||
| 26,000–50,000 | 102 (17%) | 47 (24%) | 55 (14%) | |||
| 51,000–75,000 | 120 (20%) | 37 (19%) | 83 (21%) | |||
| 76,000–100,000 | 107 (18%) | 28 (14%) | 79 (20%) | |||
| 100,000+ | 170 (29%) | 51 (26%) | 119 (30%) | |||
| Inferior turbinate hypertrophy | 611 | 0.091 | 0.200 | |||
| No | 520 (85%) | 180 (89%) | 340 (83%) | |||
| Yes | 91 (15%) | 23 (11%) | 68 (17%) | |||
| CF or ciliary dysfunction | 611 | 0.117 | 0.241 | |||
| No | 588 (96%) | 199 (98%) | 389 (95%) | |||
| Yes | 23 (3.8%) | 4 (2.0%) | 19 (4.7%) | |||
| Allergy by history | 611 | 0.143 | 0.277 | |||
| No | 480 (79%) | 152 (75%) | 328 (80%) | |||
| Yes | 131 (21%) | 51 (25%) | 80 (20%) | |||
| Site | 611 | 0.189 | 0.349 | |||
| #1 | 222 (36%) | 84 (41%) | 138 (34%) | |||
| #2 | 253 (41%) | 77 (38%) | 176 (43%) | |||
| #3 | 136 (22%) | 42 (21%) | 94 (23%) | |||
| OSA by history | 611 | 0.215 | 0.376 | |||
| No | 584 (96%) | 191 (94%) | 393 (96%) | |||
| Yes | 27 (4.4%) | 12 (5.9%) | 15 (3.7%) | |||
| Education (years) | 16.0 (13.0, 17.0) | 608 | 15.0 (13.0, 16.0) | 16.0 (13.0, 17.0) | 0.235 | 0.392 |
| Race | 610 | 0.247 | 0.393 | |||
| African American | 49 (8.0%) | 18 (8.9%) | 31 (7.6%) | |||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 5 (0.8%) | 2 (1.0%) | 3 (0.7%) | |||
| Asian | 24 (3.9%) | 10 (4.9%) | 14 (3.4%) | |||
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | |||
| Other | 25 (4.1%) | 12 (5.9%) | 13 (3.2%) | |||
| White | 506 (83%) | 160 (79%) | 346 (85%) | |||
| GERD | 611 | 0.303 | 0.460 | |||
| No | 570 (93%) | 186 (92%) | 384 (94%) | |||
| Yes | 41 (6.7%) | 17 (8.4%) | 24 (5.9%) | |||
| Ethnicity | 611 | 0.352 | 0.493 | |||
| Hispanic/ Latino | 21 (3.4%) | 9 (4.4%) | 12 (2.9%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic/ Latino | 590 (97%) | 194 (96%) | 396 (97%) | |||
| Alcohol use | 608 | 0.344 | 0.493 | |||
| No | 313 (51%) | 109 (54%) | 204 (50%) | |||
| Yes | 295 (49%) | 92 (46%) | 203 (50%) | |||
| Allergy_testing | 611 | 0.382 | 0.510 | |||
| No | 362 (59%) | 115 (57%) | 247 (61%) | |||
| Yes | 249 (41%) | 88 (43%) | 161 (39%) | |||
| Depression | 611 | 0.403 | 0.510 | |||
| No | 518 (85%) | 176 (87%) | 342 (84%) | |||
| Yes | 93 (15%) | 27 (13%) | 66 (16%) | |||
| Fibromyalgia | 611 | 0.408 | 0.510 | |||
| No | 584 (96%) | 192 (95%) | 392 (96%) | |||
| Yes | 27 (4.4%) | 11 (5.4%) | 16 (3.9%) | |||
| OSA by testing | 611 | 0.450 | 0.543 | |||
| No | 557 (91%) | 188 (93%) | 369 (90%) | |||
| Yes | 54 (8.8%) | 15 (7.4%) | 39 (9.6%) | |||
| Alcohol use (#) | 0.0 (0.0, 36.0) | 608 | 0.0 (0.0, 24.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 36.0) | 0.473 | 0.552 |
| Diabetes | 609 | 0.536 | 0.605 | |||
| No | 558 (92%) | 183 (91%) | 375 (92%) | |||
| Yes | 51 (8.4%) | 19 (9.4%) | 32 (7.9%) | |||
| Autoimmune disease | 610 | 0.589 | 0.645 | |||
| No | 573 (94%) | 188 (93%) | 385 (94%) | |||
| Yes | 37 (6.1%) | 14 (6.9%) | 23 (5.6%) | |||
| Immunodeficiency | 611 | 0.626 | 0.664 | |||
| No | 592 (97%) | 198 (98%) | 394 (97%) | |||
| Yes | 19 (3.1%) | 5 (2.5%) | 14 (3.4%) | |||
| Smoker (current or former) | 607 | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||
| No | 574 (95%) | 190 (95%) | 384 (95%) | |||
| Yes | 33 (5.4%) | 11 (5.5%) | 22 (5.4%) |