Table 2. Cardiac arrest characteristics and in-hospital management.
| Variable | Pre-ECMO-team group (n=65) | Post-ECMO-team group (n=60) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OHCA | 32 (49.2) | 34 (56.7) | 0.523 | |
| Witnessed cardiac arrest | 56 (86.2) | 59 (98.3) | 0.012 | |
| Bystander-performed CPR | 56 (86.2) | 50 (83.3) | 0.864 | |
| Pre-arrest rhythm | 0.790 | |||
| Asystole | 12 (18.5) | 11 (16.9) | ||
| Pulseless electrical activity | 26 (40.0) | 22 (33.9) | ||
| Shockable rhythm | 27 (41.5) | 27 (45.0) | ||
| Defibrillation | 43 (66.2) | 42 (64.6) | 0.836 | |
| Chest compression time (minutes) | 40 (26–51) | 32 (21.5–42) | 0.041 | |
| CPR-to-ECMO-pump-on time (minutes) | 44 (34–50.5) | 38.5 (29–50) | 0.042 | |
| Cause of cardiac arrest | 0.672 | |||
| Cardiogenic, ischemic | 34 (52.3) | 33 (55.0) | ||
| Cardiogenic, non-ischemic | 13 (20.0) | 14 (23.3) | ||
| Pulmonary thromboembolism | 7 (10.8) | 6 (10.0) | ||
| Acute aortic syndrome | 6 (9.2) | 3 (5.0) | ||
| Others | 5 (7.7) | 4 (6.7) | ||
| Implantation place | 0.051 | |||
| Emergency department | 50 (76.9) | 54 (90.0) | ||
| Catheterization laboratory | 15 (23.1) | 6 (10.0) | ||
| Device type | 0.203 | |||
| EBS | 42 (64.6) | 32 (53.5) | ||
| PLS | 23 (35.4) | 28 (46.7) | ||
| ROSC before ECMO implantation | 33 (50.8) | 34 (56.7) | 0.513 | |
| Successful implantation | 63 (96.9) | 58 (96.7) | 0.999 | |
| Percutaneous approach | 50 (76.9) | 58 (96.7) | 0.196 | |
| Left heart decompression | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.0) | 0.130 | |
| Distal perfusion catheterization | 3 (4.6) | 30 (50.0) | <0.001 | |
| Vasopressor | 47 (72.3) | 56 (93.3) | 0.110 | |
| CRRT | 23 (35.4) | 17 (28.3) | 0.403 | |
| Intra-aortic balloon pump | 9 (13.9) | 4 (6.7) | 0.192 | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 64 (98.5) | 44 (73.3) | <0.001 | |
| TTM | 15 (23.1) | 19 (31.7) | 0.285 | |
| Revascularization after CPR | 20 (30.8) | 26 (43.3) | 0.148 | |
| CPR to revascularization time | 133.5 (89–139) | 96 (76–127) | 0.445 | |
Values are presented as means (interquartile ranges) or number (%).
CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation; CRRT = continuous renal replacement therapy; EBS = emergency bypass system; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ECPR = extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; OHCA = out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; PLS = permanent life support; ROSC = return of spontaneous circulation; TTM = therapeutic temperature management.