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. 2021 Apr 21;12:e15. doi: 10.34172/jlms.2021.15

Table 2. Studies on the Application of Riboflavin as a Photosensitizer in aPDT in Periodontitis.

Author/Year Type Bacteria PS Light Source (Output Power, Intensity,Wavelength, Dose, Time) Result Conclusion
Nielsen et al, 201510 In vitro (A. actinomycetemcomitans, E. faecalis, E. coli, L. paracasei, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, P. acnes) Riboflavin
(266 µmol/L) 		LED (400 mW, 0.63 W/cm2, 460 nm, 37.7 J/cm2, 1 min) aPDT with riboflavin only results in a minor reduction of bacteria compared to toluidine blue O/red light which results in the full killing of all bacteria species. Riboflavin as a photosensitizer cannot be suggested to be used for aPDT in the management of periodontitis or endodontic infections.
Bärenfaller
et al, 201621 		In vitro (P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, C. rectus, E. corrodens, F. nucleatum, T. forsythia, A. naeslundii, E. nodatum, F. alocis, P. micra, S. gordonii) Riboflavin
(0.1%)

Toluidine blue (0.1%) 		Blue LED (1 W, 2 W/cm2, 460±10 nm, 30 and 60 s)

Red LED 		Riboflavin activated by LED for 30 seconds could not reduce P. gingivalis and P. intermedia but by increasing time to 60 seconds, the bacteria count decreased significantly (P < 0.001). Toluidine blue activated with red LED reduced all bacteria counts (P < 0.001). Photodynamic therapy using LED and riboflavin is effective for the elimination of periodontopathogenic microbial species but not as effective as TBO+red LED.