Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the follow-up participants according to hyperhomocysteinemia and hypertension.
| Variables | Overall
(n = 1,101) |
HT(-)HHcy(-)
(n = 166) |
HT(-)HHcy(+)
(n = 266) |
HT(+)HHcy(-)
(n = 254) |
HT(+)HHcy(+)
(n = 415) |
P-value |
| Data are presented as means ± SD or n (%). *Presented as median (interquartile range). &Presented as different from HT(-)HHcy(-), P < 0.05. HHcy: hyperhomocysteinemia; HT: hypertension. | ||||||
| Age, yrs | 69.13 ± 8.04 | 65.87 ± 7.32 | 68.47 ± 8.11& | 68.38 ± 7.61& | 71.31 ± 7.94& | < 0.001 |
| Male | 481 (43.69%) | 63 (37.95%) | 153 (57.52%)& | 69 (27.17%)& | 196 (47.23%)& | < 0.001 |
| Ever smoking | 345 (31.34%) | 43 (25.90%) | 112 (42.11%)& | 52 (20.47%) | 138 (33.25%) | < 0.001 |
| Ever drinking | 354 (32.15%) | 50 (30.12%) | 112 (42.11%)& | 54 (21.26%) | 138 (33.25%) | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity ≥ 1 h/day | 494 (44.87%) | 87 (52.41%) | 104 (39.10%)& | 120 (47.24%) | 183 (44.10%) | 0.002 |
| Daily intake of fruits or vegetables | 124 (11.26%) | 18 (10.84%) | 26 (9.77%) | 36 (14.17%) | 44 (10.60%) | 0.081 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 177 (16.08%) | 22 (13.25%) | 17 (6.39%)& | 62 (24.41%)& | 76 (18.31%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 669 (60.76%) | − | − | − | − | − |
| Antihypertensive therapy
in hypertensive patients |
333 (49.78%) | − | − | 137 (53.94%) | 196 (47.23%) | 0.784 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 139.37 ± 20.35 | 122.34 ± 11.89 | 125.58 ± 10.30& | 146.71 ± 17.87& | 150.58 ± 19.56& | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77.07 ± 10.94 | 72.45 ± 9.37 | 72.14 ± 7.90 | 8.41 ± 11.03& | 80.05 ± 11.34& | < 0.001 |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 62.30 ± 17.23 | 49.88 ± 10.12 | 53.44 ± 10.33& | 66.31 ± 16.36& | 70.53 ± 18.05& | < 0.001 |
| Homocysteine, umol/L | 16.57 (12.98−21.88)* | 12.14 (10.32−13.44)* | 19.44 (16.88−27.39)*& | 12.08 (10.45−13.63)* | 20.21 (17.33−29.16)*& | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.92 ± 1.16 | 5.83 ± 1.12 | 5.80 ± 1.05 | 6.09 ± 1.23& | 5.92 ± 1.19 | 0.024 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.30 (0.96−1.89)* | 1.14 (0.81−1.70)* | 1.15 (0.88−1.64)* | 1.51 (1.10−2.06)*& | 1.37 (1.02−2.03)*& | < 0.001 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.23 ± 0.27 | 1.28 ± 0.27 | 1.25 ± 0.28 | 1.23 ± 0.26 | 1.20 ± 0.28& | 0.003 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.96 ± 0.76 | 2.91 ± 0.73 | 2.81 ± 0.72 | 3.12 ± 0.79& | 2.97 ± 0.75 | < 0.001 |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.03 (0.01−0.17)* | 0.02 (0.01−0.10)* | 0.02 (0.01−0.09)* | 0.07 (0.01−0.28)*& | 0.03 (0.01−0.20)*& | < 0.001 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 58.47 ± 15.30 | 62.85 ± 16.43 | 59.09 ± 13.30& | 62.83 ± 18.28 | 53.66 ± 12.42& | < 0.001 |