Table 4.

Results of Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA for the distinguished aspects of spatial differences.

Source: own elaboration

aspect	Quality of life:		Overall			Material dimension			Social dimension
	year		2004	2018	change*	2004	2018	change*	2004	2018	change*
Partitions	Median of group	Austria	− 1.366	− 1.380	− 12.000	− 0.956	− 0.748	− 4.000	− 0.628	− 0.941	− 22.000
		Prussia	− 0.053	0.243	2.000	− 0.216	0.251	15.000	0.246	0.119	− 5.000
		Russia	− 1.560	− 1.290	− 2.000	− 0.769	− 0.911	− 19.500	− 1.368	− 0.868	10.500
	H** (df = 2)		48,287	48.287	54.628	6.202	12.875	46.830	33.986	70.928	52.275
	p-value (α = 0.05)		< 0,000,001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	0.045	0.002	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Urbanization	Median of group	Low	− 1.588	− 1.350	− 0.500	− 1.085	− 0.914	6.000	− 1.107	− 0.943	1.000
		Average	0.419	0.399	− 1.500	0.044	0.208	− 2.500	0.247	0.282	3.500
		High	4.160	3.832	0.000	2.644	2.001	− 4.000	3.158	2.764	− 2.000
	H** (df = 2)		270.222	270.222	241.455	4.468	247.186	181.688	8.956	244.778	236.896
	p-value (α = 0.05)		< 0,000,001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	0.107	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	0.011	< 0.000001	< 0.000001
Functional type	Median of group	Service	4.803	3.828	− 1.000	2.987	2.025	− 5.000	3.385	2.681	− 1.000
		Industrial-service	1.411	2.154	3.000	1.304	1.256	1.000	1.303	1.799	5.000
		Industrial	0.066	0.266	3.500	0.011	0.559	26.500	0.256	− 0.050	− 21.500
		Agro-mixed	− 1.056	− 0.944	− 4.000	− 0.886	− 0.606	− 8.000	− 0.644	− 0.629	5.000
		Agricultural	− 2.385	− 2.368	− 7.000	− 1.291	− 1.707	− 17.000	− 1.998	− 1.697	4.000
	H** (df = 4)		271.133	271.133	280.269	4.258	210.148	269.782	30.680	259.362	224.376
	p-value (α = 0.05)		< 0.000001	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	0.372	< 0.000001	< 0.000001	0.000	< 0.000001	< 0.000001

*Change–expressed as a difference of ranks between 2004 and 2018 on the scale of quality of life

**H–values of H statistics with correction for tied ranks