Table 2.

mTORC1-related biomarkers detected centrally in postmortem human brain. Summarized are the measured levels of mTORC1 components in postmortem brain tissue of depressive patients.

References	Biomarker	Tissue	Baseline biomarker	Sample size (m/f)		AD	p *
			C/P	C	P
Jernigan and colleagues 34	mTOR	PFC	0.616 ± 0.055/0.42 ± 0.06 a	10/2	10/2	Yes/ser, flu, par, amit	0.0017
Jernigan and colleagues 34	P70S6K	PFC	0.54 ± 0.046/0.37 ± 0.04 a	10/2	10/2	Yes/ser, flu, par, amit	0.001
Jernigan and colleagues 34	eIF4B	PFC	0.78 ± 0.14/0.26 ± 0.10 a	10/2	10/2	Yes/ser, flu, par, amit	0.0039
Jernigan and colleagues 34	Phospho-eIF4B	PFC	2.18 ± 0.36/1.18 ± 0.32 a	10/2	10/2	Yes/ser, flu, par, amit	0.0004
Feyissa and colleagues 62	PSD95	PFC	0.91 ± 0.15/0.54 ± 0.1 a	11/3	11/3	Yes/ser, flu, par, amit	<0.05
Karege and colleagues 63	GSK-3β	PFC	7.6 ± 2.3/11.6 ± 2.5 b	5/5	5/5	NR	0.002
Karege and colleagues 63	Akt	PFC	27.3 ± 9.0/18.8 ± 5.1 b	5/5	5/5	NR	0.002
Martins-de-Souza and colleagues 64	Akt	Brain	NR	8/4	13/11	NR	0.02
Ota and colleagues 22	REDD1	PFC	~1/~1.7 c	NR	NR	NR	0.012
Dwivedi and colleagues 65	BDNF	PFC	1.61 ± 0.39/0.94 ± 0.22 a	17/4	11	NR	<0.001
Dwivedi and colleagues 65	BDNF	HIP	1.71 ± 0.44/1.04 ± 0.20 a	17/4	11	NR	<0.001
Karege and colleagues 66	BDNF	PFC	17.5 ± 3.0/13.8 ± 2.6 d	8	7	DF	<0.002
Karege and colleagues 66	BDNF	PFC	17.5 ± 3.0/17.9 ± 2.9 d	8	7	Yes/NR	0.36 NS
Karege and colleagues 66	BDNF	HIP	24.5 ± 3.6/17.7 ± 2.9 d	8	7	DF	<0.002
Karege and colleagues 66	BDNF	HIP	24.5 ± 3.6/23.3 ± 2.2 d	8	7	Yes/NR	0.36 NS
Chen and colleagues 67	BDNF	HIP	~20/~35 e	153	15	Yes/NR	0.09 NS
Dwivedi and colleagues 65	BDNF mRNA	PFC	606.8 ± 139.5/352.2 ± 133.9 f	17/4	11	NR	<0.001
Dwivedi and colleagues 65	BDNF mRNA	HIP	2049.4 ± 642.8/1075.1 ± 200.6 f	17/4	11	NR	<0.001

C, healthy control; P, patient; m, male; f, female; DF, drug free; NR, not reported; NS, not significant; amit, amitriptyline; ser, sertraline; par, paroxetine; flu, fluoxetine. For all other abbreviations, see list of abbreviations.

^aProtein levels normalized to actin.

^bKinase activity expressed in pmol/min/mg of brain tissue.

^cFold change relative to control.

^dAmount of protein expressed in ng/g brain tissue.

^eProtein immunoreactivity.

^fmRNA level relative to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) mRNA.

^*All presented p values are statistically significant unless indicated otherwise.