Table 1.

Adjusted coronavirus disease 2019-related mortality rate ratios for men and women by quintiles of area socio-economic deprivation (quintile 1 − most affluent to quintile 5 − most deprived) and stage of the second pandemic wave in Germany

	Early stage (weeks 40/2020−51/2020)		Later stage (weeks 52/2020−9/2021)		Total period (weeks 40/2020−9/2021)
	RR (95% CI)	p-value	RR (95% CI)	p-value	RR (95% CI)	p-value
Men
Quintile 1	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Quintile 2	1.09 (0.89−1.34)	0.388	1.15 (0.97−1.37)	0.103	1.13 (0.96−1.33)	0.129
Quintile 3	1.01 (0.82−1.25)	0.908	1.12 (0.94−1.33)	0.189	1.07 (0.91−1.26)	0.401
Quintile 4	1.03 (0.83−1.28)	0.786	1.40 (1.18−1.67)	<0.000	1.24 (1.05−1.46)	0.012
Quintile 5	1.07 (0.86−1.33)	0.534	1.52 (1.27−1.82)	<0.001	1.35 (1.15−1.60)	<0.001
Women
Quintile 1	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Quintile 2	1.07 (0.86−1.33)	0.555	1.21 (1.01−1.44)	0.043	1.14 (0.97−1.35)	0.122
Quintile 3	0.91 (0.73−1.14)	0.409	1.15 (0.96−1.38)	0.136	1.03 (0.87−1.22)	0.714
Quintile 4	0.93 (0.74−1.17)	0.559	1.34 (1.11−1.61)	0.002	1.15 (0.97−1.37)	0.115
Quintile 5	0.93 (0.74−1.17)	0.522	1.44 (1.19−1.73)	<0.001	1.22 (1.02−1.45)	0.027

RR, rate ratio from multi-level Poisson regression with adjustment for age, district type and population density; CI, confidence interval; Ref., reference group.

p-values for pairwise comparisons with the reference group.