Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population in relation to elevated CAC scores.
| CAC = 0 n = 45 | CAC ≥1 n = 26 | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender* | 0.070 | ||
| Male | 16 (35.6%) | 15 (57.7%) | |
| Female | 29 (64.4%) | 11 (42.3%) | |
| Age (years)** | 51.6 ± 6.2 | 56.6 ± 5.9 | 0.001 |
| BMI** | 22.7 ± 7.2 | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 0.208 |
| Waist to hip** | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.10 | 0.071 |
| Education* | 0.964 | ||
| Primary | 2 (4.5%) | 1 (3.8%) | |
| Secondary | 15 (33.3%) | 8 (30.8%) | |
| Tertiary | 28 (62.2%) | 17 (65.4%) | |
| Positive family history* | 0.664 | ||
| None | 26 (57.8%) | 16 (61.5%) | 0.756 |
| Hypertension | 12 (26.6%) | 8 (30.8%) | 0.711 |
| Diabetes type 1 | 3 (6.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.179 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 7 (15.6%) | 5 (19.2%) | 0.691 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
6 (13.3%) |
0 (0.0%) |
0.052 |
|
Health related behavior | |||
| Smoking status* | 0,602 | ||
| Never smoked | 25 (55.6) | 11 (44.0) | |
| Past smoker | 20 (44.4) | 14 (56.0) | |
| Current smoker | 5 (11.1%) | 4 (15.4%) | 0.602 |
| Pack-years** | 4.5 ± 9.9 | 5.6 ± 9.5 | 0.652 |
| Alcohol servings/week** | 3.7 ± 3.6 | 5.3 ± 5.7 | 0.171 |
| Routine dental check-up* | 0.285 | ||
| Never | 4 (8.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Once a year | 13 (28.9) | 9 (34.6) | |
| Twice a year | 28 (62.2) | 17 (65.4) | |
| Dental hygienist visit* | 0.921 | ||
| Never | 25 (55.6) | 13 (50.0) | |
| Once a year | 5 (11.1) | 3 (11.5) | |
| Twice a year | 9 (20.0) | 7 (26.9) | |
| ≥ three times a day | 6 (13.3) | 3 (11.5) | |
| Toothbrushing* | 0.778 | ||
| Once a day | 3 (6.7) | 3 (11.5) | |
| Twice a day | 33 (73.3) | 19 (73.1) | |
| ≥ three times a day | 9 (20.0) | 4 (15.4) | |
| Interdental cleaning* | 0.370 | ||
| Never | 6 (13.3) | 2 (7.7) | |
| 1–6 times a week | 2 (4.4) | 8 (30.8) | |
| ≥ daily |
37 (82.2) |
16 (61.5) |
|
|
Dental health | |||
| PISA score* | 1106.7 ± 805.1 | 1121.7 ± 799.4 | 0.940 |
| Tooth loss* | 5.3 ± 3.2 | 5.5 ± 3.6 | 0.177 |
| Periodontal Disease stage ≥ III** | 25 (55.6) | 16 (61.5) | 0.623 |
| Plaque score* | 41.9 ± 26.9 | 45.6 ± 22.6 | 0.558 |
| Bleeding score* |
45,5 ± 28.6 |
49.23 ± 24.4 |
0.583 |
|
Cardiovascular conditions and risk predictors | |||
| Endothelial dysfunction (RHI) * | 2.4 ± 0.8 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 0.498 |
| SCORE* | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 3.5 | 0.000 |
| Reynolds Risk Score * | 2.6 ± 3.1 | 4.9 ± 4.8 | 0.018 |
| Framingham Risk Score* | 2.9 ± 3.1 | 6.8 ± 5.9 | 0.000 |
| MESA Risk Score* | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 3.5 | 0.000 |
Values represent number of subjects (%) or mean ± standard deviation. Group differences were tested by Chi-square analysis* or independent T-Test **. Statistically significant, P-value <0.05.