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Clustering mechanisms. Transcription factor (TF) clustering can occur via phase separation, thanks to multivalent interactions between intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) (left). Other mechanisms also exist; locally enhanced TF binding on highly accessible chromatin, locally anisotropic diffusion, and collapse of a TF-binding site. Triangles represent TFs; green, orange, and magenta denote, respectively, free, nonspecifically bound, and specifically bound species.
