Fig. 21. (a) Schematic showing the N-RGO-doped perovskite solution and PSC with a structure of FTO/TiO2/N-RGO/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au. (b and c) SEM images of perovskite films before and after the incorporation of N-RGO. (d) Photographs of perovskite films during the annealing process at 100 °C. (e) 1H NMR spectra of perovskite and N-RGO/perovskite solution. (f) J–V characteristics of the control device and N-RGO-incorporated device. Adapted from ref. 1134.
