Table 1. Summary of included studies.

RAS: rhythmic auditory simulation, MMF: musical motor feedback, R-MT: rhythmic- and music-based therapies, H-RT: horse-riding therapy, MIDI: musical instrument digital interface

Title	Year of study	First author	n	Description of MST	Duration of MT sessions	Duration of intervention
The value of exercise rehabilitation program accompanied by experiential music for recovery of cognitive and motor skills in stroke patients	2018	George Fotakopoulos [15]	65	Daily listening to experiential/traditional music	45 min/day, four training sessions per week	Six months
Intensive gait training with rhythmic auditory stimulation in individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke: a pilot randomized controlled study	2014	Yuri Cha [16]	20	RAS	30 min/day, five days/week	Six weeks
Musical motor feedback (MMF) in walking hemiparetic stroke patients: randomized trials of gait improvement	2003	Michael Schauer [17]	23	Therapy sessions with MMF	20 min/day, five days/week (15 sessions)	Three weeks
The effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) on physical therapy outcomes for patients in gait training following stroke: a feasibility study	2009	Rebecca Hayden [18]	15	RAS-enhanced gait training group 1: RAS to enhance 30 traditional physical therapy gait-training sessions group 2 (wait-list control A): 10 traditional physical therapy gait training sessions followed by 20 RAS enhanced gait training sessions group 3 (wait-list control B): 20 traditional physical therapy gait training sessions followed by 10 RAS enhanced gait training sessions	Minimum of one session daily for eight to ten mins	30 days
Long-term improvements after multimodal rehabilitation in late phase after stroke: a randomized controlled trial	2017	Lina Bunketorp-Käll [19]	41	Group 1: R-MT, group 2: H-RT, group 3 (control): received R-MT one year after inclusion	Two sessions/weeks	12 weeks
Effect of rhythm of music therapy on gait in patients with stroke	2021	Yao Wang [20]	60	“metronome was used to coordinate with the patient’s walking velocity” in first session; “music [with] familiar melody of patients, according to the walking velocity obtained from the first therapy, in order to help patients control their walking rhythm with the playing rhythm as the indicator signal. At the same time, patients were required to perform walking training according to the playing music rhythm” in second session; “the metronome was used again to measure the walking velocity, and this was used in the next walking training as the basic speed of the next music therapy”	60 min/session, three sessions/day	Four weeks
Effects of a music-based rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait and balance in subacute stroke	2021	Samira Gonzalez-Hoelling [21]	28	“15 min of general body warming following the rhythm with a metronome, a main part of the session with 60 min of music-based RAS exercises, and closure with 15 min of relaxation exercises” (Ronnie Gardiner Method)	Received music-based rhythmic auditory stimulation for 90 min, three times per week	40-60 days (depending on the length of hospital stay)
Effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait and balance in hemiplegic stroke patients	2014	Jee Hyun Suh [22]	16	four-step gait training with RAS using a digital MIDI software, single tone series in 4/4 time signature	gait training with RAS for 15 minutes, five sessions/week	three weeks