Table 1.
Structural changes in gut microbiota in functional constipation
| Reference | Year | Methods | Inclusion criteria | Patients | Controls | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zoppi et al. [24] | 1998 | Microbial culture | Stool frequency less than one per 48 h and hard stool consistency | Children (n = 28, mean age 9.5 years) | Children (n = 14, mean age 7.9 years) | Bifidobacteria↑*Lactobacilli↑ Bacteroides↑ Clostridia↑* |
| Khalif et al. [25] | 2005 | Microbial culture | Rome II | Adults (n = 57, mean age 42.2 years) | Adults (n = 25) | Bifidobacterium↓*Lactobacillus↓ Bacteroides↓ Clostridium↓ |
| Kim et al. [26] | 2015 | qRT-PCR | Rome III | Adults (n = 30, mean age 35 years) | Adults (n = 30, mean age 32 years) | Bifidobacterium↓*Lactobacillus↓ Bacteroides↓*Clostridium↓ |
| Zhu et al. [27] | 2014 | 16S rRNA | Clinical practice guideline developed by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition | Children (n = 8, mean age 11.8 years) | Children (n = 14, mean age 13.2 years) | Prevotella↓*Coprococcus↑*Ruminococcus↑*Blautia↑*Anaerotruncus↑*Clostridium*↑ |
| Mancabelli et al. [32] | 2017 | 16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomics | Rome III | Adults (n = 68, mean age 44 years) | Adults (n = 44, mean age 39 years) | Bacteroides↓*Roseburia↓*Coprococcus 3↓* Faecalibacterium↑* |
*
P < 0.05.