Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics and Intake of Nutrients and Foods in Controls and Patients with Alopecia Areata (AA)
| Control (n = 70) | AA (n = 70) | p values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male 19 | Male 19 | 1c |
| Female 51 | Female 51 | ||
| Age (years)a | 49.0 (35.25–61.75) | 47.5 (35.5–58.75) | 0.144 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)a | 20.22 (19.21–22.38) | 21.86 (20.0–24.17) | 0.00506** |
| Energy intake (kcal/day)a | 1778 (1461–2010) | 1602 (1305–2005) | 0.287 |
| Nutrients | |||
| Animal protein (% energy)a | 8.746 (6.625–10.009) | 8.823 (7.165–10.284) | 0.730 |
| Vegetable protein (% energy)b | 6.50 ± 1.03 | 6.44 ± 1.19 | 0.687 |
| Animal fat (% energy)a | 12.69 (10.76–15.90) | 13.25 (9.16–15.54) | 0.314 |
| Vegetable fat (% energy)a | 15.10 ± 3 0.37 | 15.47 ± 3.89 | 0.503 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy)b | 50.45 ± 7.40 | 51.45 ± 8.44 | 0.467 |
| Na (mg/kcal)a | 2.13 (1.97–2.56) | 2.27 (2.05–2.65) | 0.377 |
| K (mg/kcal)a | 1.35 (1.10–1.69) | 1.29 (1.13–1.62) | 0.861 |
| Ca (μg/kcal)a | 283.0 (231.1–346.0) | 272.0 (213.5–347.5) | 0.748 |
| Mg (μg/kcal)a | 133.5 (114.5–160.8) | 127.2 (110.1–158.2) | 0.472 |
| Pi (μg/kcal)a | 549.5 (488.6–642.1) | 552.2 (462.8–652.5) | 0.627 |
| Fe (μg/kcal)a | 4.27 (3.43–5.07) | 4.08 (3.41–5.04) | 0.704 |
| Zn (μg/kcal)a | 4.41 (3.94–4.85) | 4.35 (3.86–4.93) | 0.386 |
| Cu (μg/kcal)a | 0.603 (0.521–0.670) | 0.582 (0.513–0.676) | 0.874 |
| Mn (μg/kcal)a | 1.65 (1.41–1.97) | 1.64 (1.34–2.38) | 0.311 |
| Retinol (μg/kcal)a | 0.256 (0.139–0.370) | 0.174 (0.137–0.293) | 0.114 |
| β-carotene (μg/kcal)a | 1.76 (1.03–2.95) | 1.92 (1.14–3.06) | 0.464 |
| Vitamin D (ng/kcal)a | 5.18 (3.47–7.77) | 5.49 (3.55–8.52) | 0.953 |
| α-tocopherol (μg/kcal)b | 4.145 ± 1.009 | 4.350 ± 1.093 | 0.178 |
| Vitamin K (μg/kcal)a | 0.165 (0.116–0.220) | 0.137 (0.105–0.216) | 0.364 |
| Vitamin B1(μg/kcal)a | 0.419 (0.369–0.499) | 0.420 (0.349–0.514) | 0.520 |
| Vitamin B2(μg/kcal)a | 0.730 (0.634–0.863) | 0.716 (0.591–0.865) | 0.911 |
| Niacin (μg/kcal)a | 9.53 (8.01–10.88) | 9.48 (8.03–11.14) | 0.497 |
| Vitamin B6(μg/kcal)a | 0.676 (0.587–0.805) | 0.690 (0.531–0.827) | 0.547 |
| Vitamin B12 (ng/kcal)a | 3.94 (2.98–5.77) | 3.96 (3.17–5.84) | 0.986 |
| Foric acid (μg/kcal)a | 0.176 (0.142–0.237) | 0.172 (0.147–0.232) | 0.865 |
| Panthotenic acid (μg/kcal)a | 3.62 (3.05–4.11) | 3.52 (3.00–4.03) | 0.717 |
| Vitamin C (μg/kcal)a | 55.3 (40.8–77.9) | 61.1 (49.2–88.3) | 0.0211* |
| SFA (% energy)b | 8.016 ± 2.134 | 7.596 ± 2.083 | 0.216 |
| MUFA (% energy)b | 10.298 ± 2.082 | 10.126 ± 2.370 | 0.594 |
| n-3PUFA(% energy)a | 1.21 (1.06–1.45) | 1.26 (1.03–1.55) | 0.673 |
| n-6PUFA(% energy)b | 5.302 ± 1.046 | 5.509 ± 1.287 | 0.274 |
| Cholesterol(μg/kcal)a | 207.7 (164.6–250.9) | 211.3 (168.8–247.4) | 0.704 |
| Dietary fiber (mg/kcal)a | 6.281 (5.19–8.12) | 6.161 (4.80–7.85) | 0.874 |
| Alcohol (% energy)a | 1.886 (0.105–7.595) | 0.0182 (0–3.009) | 0.058 |
| Foods | |||
| Cereals (mg/kcal)b | 183.90 ± 67.15 | 186.44 ± 64.89 | 0.803 |
| Potatoes (mg/kcal)a | 13.25 (7.72–31.59) | 16.34 (9.78–34.53) | 0.824 |
| Pulses (mg/kcal)a | 1.80 (1.07–3.17) | 2.02 (1.30–4.60) | 0.093 |
| Green and yellow vegetables (mg/kcal)a | 59.31 (34.76–83.83) | 56.33 (30.60–90.18) | 0.949 |
| Other vegetables (mg/kcal)a | 75.54 (54.64–105.52) | 87.86 (57.44–22.99) | 0.512 |
| Fruit (mg/kcal)a | 50.65 (28.56–86.91) | 67.59 (23.39–115.67) | 0.0313* |
| Fish and shellfish (mg/kcal)a | 29.85 (20.49–47.44) | 30.06 (22.23–44.76) | 0.842 |
| Meat (mg/kcal)a | 46.29 (36.10–57.04) | 43.32 (29.80–57.64) | 0.109 |
| Eggs (mg/kcal)a | 15.88 (10.91–28.01) | 20.83 (12.42–29.54) | 0.505 |
| Dairy products (mg/kcal)a | 79.58 (28.40–107.61) | 73.32 (24.59–12.70) | 0.939 |
| Oils and fats (mg/kcal)b | 6.11 ± 2.67 | 6.63 ± 2.93 | 0.204 |
| Confection (mg/kcal)a | 26.18 (13.02–49.69) | 25.39 (15.76–41.72) | 0.819 |
| Beverages (mg/kcal)a | 427.85 (246.2–542.6) | 382.17 (276.3–595.2) | 0.574 |
| Seasonings and spices (mg/kcal)a | 101.85 (76.49–142.74) | 124.67 (86.55–73.25) | 0.139 |
| Sugar/sweeteners (mg/kcal)a | 1.80 (1.07–3.17) | 2.01 (1.30–4.60) | 0.093 |
Notes: aData provided as the median (interquartile range), analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank test. bData provided as the mean ± standard deviation, analyzed by paired t-test. cFisher’s exact test was used to test the significance of difference in frequency distribution. *Significant differences at p < 0.05. **Significant difference at p < 0.01.
Abbreviations: SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.