Table 5.
Demographic Characteristics and Intake of Nutrients and Foods in Mild (Severity of Alopecia Tool [SALT] ≦25) and Moderate to Severe (SALT > 25) Alopecia Areata Groups
| Mild (n = 54) | Moderate to Severe (n = 16) | p values | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 14 | Male | 5 | 0.752c |
| Female | 40 | Female | 11 | ||
| Age (years)a | 48.50 ± 16.38 | 47.94 ± 18.20 | 0.907 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2)b | 21.93 (19.54–24.40) | 21.86 (21.06–23.75) | 0.654 | ||
| Energy intake (kcal/day)b | 1606 (1361–2028) | 1545 (1221–1853) | 0.390 | ||
| Nutrients | |||||
| Animal protein (% energy)a | 8.578 ± 2.786 | 8.855 ± 4.296 | 0.760 | ||
| Vegetable protein(% energy)a | 6.507 ± 1.272 | 6.196 ± 0.831 | 0.362 | ||
| Animal fat (% energy)a | 12.77 ± 4.00 | 13.05 ± 5.88 | 0.830 | ||
| Vegetable fat (% energy)a | 15.51 ± 4.02 | 15.34 ± 3.56 | 0.885 | ||
| Carbohydrate (% energy)a | 52.17 ± 8.04 | 49.01 ± 9.56 | 0.190 | ||
| Na (mg/kcal)b | 2.230 (1.954–2.440) | 2.456 (2.069–2.699) | 0.506 | ||
| K (mg/kcal)b | 1.302 (1.133–1.635) | 1.277 (1.109–1.506) | 0.796 | ||
| Ca (μg/kcal)b | 273.5 (217.8–357.2) | 257.9 (199.1–304.5) | 0.413 | ||
| Mg (μg/kcal)b | 128.7 (110.4–161.5) | 126.2 (110.2–156.8) | 0.883 | ||
| Pi (μg/kcal)b | 555.1 (482.1–661.6) | 522.1 (430.9–631.7) | 0.506 | ||
| Fe (μg/kcal)b | 4.05 (3.48–5.03) | 4.24 (3.38–5.07) | 0.994 | ||
| Zn (μg/kcal)a | 4.384 ± 0.778 | 4.173 ± 1.145 | 0.398 | ||
| Cu (μg/kcal)a | 0.610 ± 0.135 | 0.587 ± 0.137 | 0.559 | ||
| Mn (μg/kcal)b | 1.60 (1.35–2.09) | 1.95 (1.18–2.49) | 0.711 | ||
| Retinol (μg/kcal) | 0.163 (0.134–0.214) | 0.310 (0.181–0.412) | 0.0165* | ||
| β-carotene (μg/kcal)b | 1.88 (1.07–2.95) | 2.28 (1.35–3.24) | 0.525 | ||
| Vitamin D (ng/kcal)b | 5.68 (3.55–8.31) | 4.69 (3.67–9.33) | 0.994 | ||
| α-tocopherol (μg/kcal)a | 4.350 ± 1.050 | 4.351 ± 1.266 | 0.999 | ||
| Vitamin K (μg/kcal)b | 0.138 (0.107–0.216) | 0.118 (0.098–0.231) | 0.610 | ||
| Vitamin B1(μg/kcal)a | 0.438 ± 0.109 | 0.408 ± 0.133 | 0.363 | ||
| Vitamin B2(μg/kcal)b | 0.716 (0.613–0.867) | 0.702 (0.545–0.801) | 0.552 | ||
| Niacin (μg/kcal)a | 9.571 ± 2.514 | 10.297 ± 3.136 | 0.342 | ||
| Vitamin B6(μg/kcal)a | 0.700 ± 0.204 | 0.717 ± 0.253 | 0.782 | ||
| Vitamin B12 (ng/kcal)b | 4.10 (3.17–5.72) | 3.92 (3.13–7.20) | 0.872 | ||
| Foric acid (μg/kcal)b | 0.167 (0.147–0.232) | 0.189 (0.148–0.236) | 0.742 | ||
| Panthotenic acid (μg/kcal)b | 3.520 (3.063–3.996) | 3.474 (2.608–4.078) | 0.543 | ||
| Vitamin C (μg/kcal)b | 61.12 (51.09–88.30) | 62.92 (45.11–87.33) | 0.629 | ||
| SFA (% energy)a | 7.623 ± 1.898 | 7.504 ± 2.686 | 0.843 | ||
| MUFA (% energy)a | 10.109 ± 2.350 | 10.185 ± 2.512 | 0.911 | ||
| n-3PUFA(% energy)a | 1.276 ± 0.348 | 1.400 ± 0.461 | 0.250 | ||
| n-6PUFA(% energy)a | 5.470 ± 1.195 | 5.643 ± 1.596 | 0.639 | ||
| Cholesterol(μg/kcal)a | 214.01 ± 71.37 | 196.83 ± 80.60 | 0.414 | ||
| Dietary fiber (mg/kcal)b | 6.11 (4.80–7.92) | 6.57 (5.11–7.31) | 0.939 | ||
| Alcohol (% energy)b | 0.018 (0–1.065) | 0.454 (0–7.249) | 0.496 | ||
| Foods | |||||
| Cereals (mg/kcal)a | 188.30 ± 61.55 | 180.16 ± 76.99 | 0.663 | ||
| Potatoes (mg/kcal)b | 15.36 (9.92–38.02) | 24.97 (9.25–30.68) | 0.796 | ||
| Pulses (mg/kcal)b | 1.92 (1.35–4.60) | 2.78 (1.28–4.57) | 0.711 | ||
| Green and yellow vegetables (mg/kcal)b | 53.79 (29.82–90.18) | 63.23 (41.17–83.14) | 0.732 | ||
| Other vegetables (mg/kcal)a | 90.284 ± 46.788 | 85.674 ± 43.021 | 0.724 | ||
| Fruit (mg/kcal)b | 72.41 (26.40–121.93) | 35.40 (14.39–84.32) | 0.105 | ||
| Fish and shellfish (mg/kcal)b | 29.30 (22.31–43.03) | 35.21 (20.68–64.87) | 0.454 | ||
| Meat (mg/kcal)a | 43.27 ± 20.43 | 45.29 ± 22.99 | 0.737 | ||
| Eggs (mg/kcal)b | 21.13 (13.99–29.24) | 15.16 (7.27–29.80) | 0.317 | ||
| Dairy products (mg/kcal)b | 74.09 (29.87–113.76) | 52.80 (21.38–83.39) | 0.506 | ||
| Oils and fats (mg/kcal)a | 6.445 ± 2.814 | 7.250 ± 3.303 | 0.338 | ||
| Confection (mg/kcal)b | 26.31 (17.11–43.87) | 20.42 (14.86–35.06) | 0.543 | ||
| Beverages (mg/kcal)b | 382.2 (287.8–591.0) | 400.1 (223.6–863.4) | 0.928 | ||
| Seasonings and spices (mg/kcal)b | 122.6 (95.5–167.3) | 151.9 (79.1–181.3) | 0.774 | ||
| Sugar/sweeteners (mg/kcal)b | 1.918 (1.353–4.599) | 2.781 (1.279–4.572) | 0.711 | ||
Notes: aData provided as the mean ± standard deviation, analyzed by Student’s t-test. bData provided as the median (interquartile range), analyzed by Mann–Whitney U-test. cFisher’s exact test was used to test the significance of difference in frequency distribution. *Significant difference at p < 0.05.
Abbreviations: SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.