Table 6.
Demographic Characteristics and Intake of Nutrients and Foods in Alopecia Areata (AA) Groups with and without Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
| AA without AD (n = 54) | AA with AD (n = 16) | p values | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 13 | Male | 6 | 0.343c |
| Female | 41 | Female | 10 | ||
| Age (years)a | 51.59 ± 16.60 | 37.50 ± 11.96 | 0.00239** | ||
| SALTb | 6 (2–17.5) | 8 (3–41.5) | 0.556 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2)b | 21.69 (19.43–23.93) | 22.28 (20.35–24.53) | 0.321 | ||
| Energy intake (kcal/day)b | 1595 (1326–1995) | 1789 (1221–2047) | 0.321 | ||
| Nutrients | |||||
| Animal protein (% energy)b | 8.59 (6.68–10.28) | 9.30 (7.19–10.16) | 0.506 | ||
| Vegetable protein (% energy)a | 6.49 ± 1.20 | 6.25± 1.14 | 0.485 | ||
| Animal fat (% energy)a | 12.44 ± 4.39 | 14.16 ± 4.53 | 0.177 | ||
| Vegetable fat (% energy)b | 15.22 (13.14–18.33) | 15.22 (13.87–16.04) | 0.905 | ||
| Carbohydrate (% energy)a | 51.39 ± 8.91 | 51.63 ± 6.85 | 0.921 | ||
| Na (mg/kcal)b | 2.27 (2.03–2.65) | 2.26 (2.14–2.57) | 0.785 | ||
| K (mg/kcal)b | 1.302 (1.128–1.635) | 1.255 (1.135–1.544) | 0.534 | ||
| Ca (μg/kcal)b | 273.5 (226.8–347.5) | 268.2 (190.9–347.1) | 0.498 | ||
| Mg (μg/kcal)b | 130.6 (116.3–161.6) | 114.7 (108.1–141.1) | 0.196 | ||
| Pi (μg/kcal)b | 552.2 (478.3–652.5) | 553.3 (449.7–636.9) | 0.764 | ||
| Fe (μg/kcal)b | 4.08 (3.49–5.13) | 4.02 (3.27–4.55) | 0.506 | ||
| Zn (μg/kcal)a | 4.295 ± 0.899 | 4.4769 ± 0.776 | 0.468 | ||
| Cu (μg/kcal)b | 0.582 (0.520–0.698) | 0.587 (0.506–0.606) | 0.48 | ||
| Mn (μg/kcal)b | 1.67 (1.35–2.38) | 1.57 (1.16–2.21) | 0.571 | ||
| Retinol (μg/kcal)b | 0.173 (0.134–0.285) | 0.197 (0.145–0.306) | 0.515 | ||
| β-carotene (μg/kcal)b | 1.923 (1.068–3.184) | 2.052 (1.326–2.487) | 0.828 | ||
| Vitamin D (ng/kcal)b | 5.512 (3.798–9.029) | 4.957 (2.305–7.019) | 0.291 | ||
| α-tocopherol (μg/kcal)a | 4.408 ± 1.162 | 4.154 ± 0.818 | 0.418 | ||
| Vitamin K (μg/kcal)b | 0.140 (0.107–0.251) | 0.115 (0.096–0.158) | 0.164 | ||
| Vitamin B1 (μg/kcal)a | 0.429 ± 0.120 | 0.438 ± 0.099 | 0.780 | ||
| Vitamin B2 (μg/kcal)b | 0.715 (0.591–0.862) | 0.722 (0.624–0.864) | 0.994 | ||
| Niacin (μg/kcal)a | 9.865 ± 2.857 | 9.304 ± 1.871 | 0.463 | ||
| Vitamin B6 (μg/kcal)b | 0.715 ± 0.222 | 0.666 ± 0.184 | 0.432 | ||
| Vitamin B12 (ng/kcal)b | 3.91 (3.18–5.89) | 4.37 (2.72–5.72) | 0.961 | ||
| Foric acid (μg/kcal)b | 0.180 (0.150–0.238) | 0.166 (0.137–0.207) | 0.413 | ||
| Panthotenic acid (μ/kcal)b | 3.493 (3.029–4.032) | 3.574 (2.856–3.981) | 0.883 | ||
| Vitamin C (μg/kcal)b | 62.20 (51.09–90.01) | 52.74 (39.01–80.83) | 0.186 | ||
| SFA (% energy)a | 7.384 ± 1.986 | 8.311 ± 2.309 | 0.119 | ||
| MUFA (% energy)a | 9.995 ± 2.531 | 10.570 ± 1.708 | 0.398 | ||
| n-3PUFA (% energy)a | 1.333 ± 0.396 | 1.207 ± 0.296 | 0.241 | ||
| n-6PUFA (% energy)a | 5.550 ± 1.404 | 5.371 ± 0.791 | 0.627 | ||
| Cholesterol (μg/kcal)a | 203.87 ± 74.50 | 231.06 ± 67.23 | 0.195 | ||
| Dietary fiber (mg/kcal)b | 6.476 (5.059–7.918) | 5.908 (4.417–6.838) | 0.304 | ||
| Alcohol (% energy)b | 0 (0–5.418) | 0.537 (0–2.484) | 0.703 | ||
| Foods | |||||
| Cereals (mg/kcal)a | 181.31 ± 68.59 | 203.74 ± 48.28 | 0.227 | ||
| Potatoes (mg/kcal)b | 15.36 (9.67–28.81) | 30.40 (10.45–45.07) | 0.184 | ||
| Pulses (mg/kcal)b | 2.015 (1.277–4.725) | 2.127 (1.406–3.024) | 0.916 | ||
| Green and yellow vegetables (mg/kcal)b | 56.33 (29.82–90.96) | 58.32 (38.64–78.10) | 0.817 | ||
| Other vegetables (mg/kcal)a | 90.01 ± 44.61 | 86.60 ± 49.59 | 0.794 | ||
| Fruit (mg/kcal)b | 72.13 (23.39–134.11) | 46.38 (24.75–75.47) | 0.193 | ||
| Fish and shellfish (mg/kcal)b | 31.64 (22.63–48.94) | 26.53 (20.11–40.47) | 0.338 | ||
| Meat (mg/kcal)b | 40.06 (25.38–55.42) | 47.94 (41.88–58.79) | 0.0974 | ||
| Eggs (mg/kcal)b | 19.33 (12.04–27.19) | 25.80 (16.03–31.36) | 0.254 | ||
| Dairy products (mg/kcal)b | 74.08 (27.17–114.80) | 68.38 (21.38–92.55) | 0.600 | ||
| Oils and fats (mg/kcal)a | 6.593 ± 3.168 | 6.750 ± 1.988 | 0.852 | ||
| Confection (mg/kcal)b | 25.62 (17.93–41.11) | 23.22 (12.64–42.28) | 0.905 | ||
| Beverages (mg/kcal)b | 382.1 (287.8–621.2) | 397.5 (230.4–535.7) | 0.382 | ||
| Seasonings and spices (mg/kcal)b | 121.6 (81.5–153.7) | 144.1 (114.1–183.7) | 0.160 | ||
| Sugar/sweeteners (mg/kcal)b | 2.015 (1.277–4.725) | 2.127 (1.406–3.024) | 0.916 | ||
Notes: aData provided as the mean ± standard deviation, analyzed by Student’s t-test. bData provided as the median (interquartile range), analyzed by Mann–Whitney U-test. cFisher’s exact test was used to test the significance of difference in frequency distribution. **Significant difference at p < 0.01.
Abbreviations: SALT, severity of alopecia tool; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.