(A) Example of patched and post hoc identified dentate granule cell in acute slices prepared from the ventral hippocampus. Scale bar (upper panel)=500 µm; Scale bar (lower panel)=50 µm. (B) Sample traces of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) recorded from dentate granule cells of atRA-treated or vehicle-only (control) animals. (C) Group data of sEPSC recordings (ncontrol=23 cells, natRA=23 cells in four animals each; Mann-Whitney test). (D) Group data of sIPSC recordings (ncontrol=34 cells, natRA=31 cells in four animals each; Mann-Whitney test). Individual data points are indicated by gray dots. Values represent mean ± SEM. (ns, non-significant difference). DG, dentate gyrus; gcl, granule cell layer; ml, molecular layer.