Table 1.
Comparisons of Baseline Characteristics Between the Original Cohort, Matched Cohort, and Validation Cohort
| Covariates | Original Cohort | Matched Cohort | Validation Cohort | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low BAR | High BAR | P | Low BAR | High BAR | P | Low BAR | High BAR | P value | |
| N | 621 | 581 | – | 287 | 287 | – | 496 | 511 | – |
| Age, years | 64.7 (12.0) | 69.7(12.2) | <0.001 | 67.8 (11.7) | 67.9 (12.0) | 0.941 | 64.5 (11.5) | 69.2 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 296 (47.7) | 339 (58.3) | <0.001 | 15 (54.4) | 160 (55.7) | 0.801 | 238 (48.0) | 282 (55.2) | 0.026 |
| Weight (kg) | 71.7 (19.3) | 75.7 (20.0) | 0.001 | 73.5 (19.6) | 73.3 (19.3) | 0.886 | 73.8 (21.3) | 76.1 (21.3) | 0.088 |
| Tumor type, n (%) | 0.001 | 0.866 | 0.238 | ||||||
| Primary | 371 (59.7) | 290 (49.9) | 162 (56.4) | 159 (55.4) | 380 (76.6) | 374 (73.2) | |||
| Metastatic | 250 (40.3) | 291 (50.1) | 125 (43.6) | 128 (44.6) | 116 (23.4) | 137 (26.8) | |||
| Interventions, n (%) | |||||||||
| MV | 436 (70.2) | 355 (61.1) | 0.001 | 186 (64.8) | 190 (66.2) | 0.792 | 280 (56.5) | 345 (67.5) | <0.001 |
| CRRT | 4 (0.6) | 15 (2.6) | 0.014 | 3 (1.0) | 3 (1.0) | 1.000 | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.8) | 0.388 |
| Vasopressors | 121 (19.5) | 211 (36.3) | <0.001 | 79 (27.5) | 77 (26.8) | 0.925 | 78 (15.7) | 144 (28.2) | <0.001 |
| Score system | |||||||||
| SOFA | 3.4 (1.2) | 5.8 (1.6) | <0.001 | 4.4 (1.1) | 4.5 (1.8) | 0.821 | 2.9 (1.2) | 4.8 (1.1) | <0.001 |
| OASIS | 31.1 (8.0) | 34.5 (9.0) | <0.001 | 32.5 (8.3) | 32.4 (7.9) | 0.935 | 24.4 (10.3) | 27.8 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| APSIII | 41.0 (10.4) | 60.5 (14.5) | <0.001 | 48.9 (19.3) | 48.9 (15.9) | 0.989 | 41.4 (18.9) | 54.6 (24.2) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 259 (41.7) | 220 (37.9) | 0.193 | 133 (46.3) | 125 (43.6) | 0.557 | 84 (16.9) | 92 (18.0) | 0.716 |
| Diabetes | 88 (14.2) | 152 (26.2) | <0.001 | 56 (19.5) | 53 (18.5) | 0.831 | 84 (16.9) | 133 (26.0) | 0.001 |
| CKD | 40 (6.4) | 161 (27.7) | <0.001 | 36 (12.5) | 35 (12.2) | 1.000 | 21 (4.2) | 61 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarct | 38 (6.1) | 69 (11.9) | 0.001 | 26 (9.1) | 26 (9.1) | 1.000 | 39 (7.9) | 40 (7.8) | 1.000 |
| CHF | 68 (11.0) | 136 (23.4) | <0.001 | 49 (17.1) | 43 (15.0) | 0.569 | 39 (7.9) | 71 (13.9) | 0.003 |
| COPD | 222 (35.7) | 212 (36.5) | 0.836 | 100 (34.8) | 96 (33.4) | 0.792 | 171 (34.5) | 179 (35.0) | 0.906 |
| Liver disease | 42 (6.8) | 69 (11.9) | 0.003 | 28 (9.8) | 25 (8.7) | 0.773 | 8 (1.6) | 12 (2.3) | 0.542 |
| Charlson index | 9.3 (2.2) | 10.5 (2.5) | <0.001 | 9.8 (2.4) | 9.7 (2.3) | 0.831 | 6.5 (1.5) | 7.8 (2.7) | <0.001 |
| Complications, n (%) | |||||||||
| Sepsis | 244 (39.3) | 355 (61.1) | <0.001 | 152 (53.0) | 145 (50.5) | 0.616 | 145 (29.2) | 272 (53.0) | <0.001 |
| AKI | 264 (42.5) | 389 (67.0) | <0.001 | 157 (54.7) | 151 (52.6) | 0.676 | 181 (36.5) | 238 (46.6) | <0.001 |
| AHF | 27 (4.3) | 74 (12.7) | <0.001 | 27 (9.4) | 20 (7.0) | 0.361 | 10 (2.0) | 16 (3.1) | 0.359 |
| ARF | 179 (28.8) | 259 (44.6) | <0.001 | 121 (42.4) | 105 (36.6) | 0.200 | 191 (38.5) | 232 (45.4) | 0.031 |
| Vital signs | |||||||||
| MAP, mmHg | 85.8 (16.9) | 81.9 (17.9) | <0.001 | 84.6 (18.4) | 83.8 (17.5) | 0.613 | 86.5 (18.3) | 78.9 (18.6) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 97.3 (22.2) | 97.4 (21.3) | 0.915 | 97.1 (21.8) | 97.6 (20.0) | 0.782 | 99.7 (22.0) | 101.0 (21.8) | 0.339 |
| RR, bpm | 21.0 (6.5) | 21.3 (6.4) | 0.398 | 20.9 (6.3) | 21.3 (6.6) | 0.416 | 21.0 (5.9) | 22.3 (6.8) | 0.001 |
| SpO2, % | 96.0 (3.7) | 95.8 (4.2) | 0.282 | 96.1 (3.6) | 96.1 (3.6) | 0.871 | 95.1 (7.2) | 94.8 (5.7) | 0.570 |
| Laboratory results | |||||||||
| WBC, × 109/L | 11.7 (4.4) | 13.6 (4.8) | <0.001 | 12.6 (4.9) | 12.4 (3.8) | 0.825 | 11.5 (4.4) | 13.5 (4.1) | 0.003 |
| HGB, g/dL | 11.0 (2.2) | 10.2 (2.1) | <0.001 | 10.5 (2.1) | 10.5 (2.1) | 0.795 | 11.5 (2.3) | 10.7 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| PLT, × 109/L | 275.8(58.2) | 249.9(48.3) | 0.001 | 225.1(74.7) | 249.7(75.8) | 0.633 | 257.6 (70.7) | 220.0 (60.4) | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin, mmol/L | 0.9 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.6) | <0.001 | 12 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.466 | 0.8 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.018 |
| Anion gap, mEq/L | 15.0 (3.8) | 16.6 (4.9) | <0.001 | 15.4 (4.2) | 16.0 (4.5) | 0.142 | 10.6 (3.5) | 11.8 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Bicarbonate, mEq/L | 24.0 (4.6) | 22.3 (5.5) | <0.001 | 23.3 (5.1) | 23.0 (4.9) | 0.452 | 26.5 (4.7) | 25.0 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Chloride, mmol/L | 100.9 (6.6) | 100.9 (7.2) | 0.985 | 101.0 (6.8) | 101.1 (6.9) | 0.869 | 99.8 (6.5) | 100.6 (6.5) | 0.057 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.5) | <0.001 | 1.0 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.509 | 0.8 (0.4) | 1.6 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.5 (0.8) | <0.001 | 4.2 (0.7) | 4.3 (0.7) | 0.414 | 3.9 (0.5) | 4.3 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 136.6 (5.4) | 136.5 (5.9) | 0.756 | 136.6 (5.5) | 136.7 (5.7) | 0.829 | 135.7 (5.7) | 136.2 (5.6) | 0.131 |
| ICU LOS, days | 2.2 (1.2, 3.9) | 2.5 (1.5, 5.2) | 0.007 | 2.5 (1.3, 4.2) | 2.1 (1.4, 4.5) | 0.116 | 3.0 (2.0, 5.2) | 3.2 (2.1, 5.7) | 0.403 |
| Hospital LOS, days | 9.0 (5.6, 14.7) | 9.7 (5.6, 15.4) | 0.269 | 10.0 (6.2, 16.1) | 8.9 (5.4, 14.5) | 0.003 | 4.3 (2.9, 7.9) | 4.5 (3.1, 8.7) | 0.019 |
| Death n(%) | 88 (14.2) | 225 (38.7) | <0.001 | 53 (18.5) | 85 (29.6) | 0.002 | 71 (14.3) | 195 (38.2) | <0.001 |
Note: For all continuous covariates, the mean values and standard deviations are reported.
Abbreviations: BAR, blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin ratio; MV, mechanical ventilation; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; OASIS, Oxford acute severity of illness score; APSIII, acute physiology score III; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AKI, acute kidney injury; AHF, acute heart failure; ARF, acute respiratory failure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; RR, respiratory rate; WBC, white blood cell; HGB, hemoglobin; PLT, platelet; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay.