Inclusion criteria Randomized controlled trial Conducted in low- or middle-income country SQ-LNSs (< ∼125 kcal/d) provided to the intervention group for at least 3 mo between 6 and 24 mo of age At least 1 trial group did not receive SQ-LNSs or other type of child supplementation Longitudinal follow-up of each child, or repeated cross-sectional data collection Individual children eligible for IPD analysis if: Age at baseline allowed receipt of intervention (supplementation or control group components) for at least 3 mo between 6 and 24 mo of age For anemia and micronutrient status outcomes, blood samples were collected during the supplementation period or within 3 mo after the study-defined end of supplementation

Exclusion criteria LNS was used for treatment, not prevention, of malnutrition (i.e., only children with severe or moderate malnutrition were eligible for the study) Conducted in a hospitalized population or among children with a pre-existing disease SQ-LNS provision was combined with additional supplemental food or nutrients for the child within a single arm (e.g., SQ-LNS + food rations vs. control), and there was no appropriate comparison group (e.g., food rations alone) that would allow separation of the SQ-LNS effect from effects of the other food or nutrients provided