Table 1.

Changes in HR, BP, and MSNA

	Period
	Baseline	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	P (all)
HR, beats/min	63.7 ± 2.0	63.1 ± 2.1	68.4 ± 2.1*	70.0 ± 2.2*	69.3 ± 2.6*	66.9 ± 2.4	<0.001
SBP, mmHg	125.5 ± 2.4	125.9 ± 2.5	124.9 ± 3.1	122.9 ± 2.9	123.5 ± 3.4	123.6 ± 3.3	0.391
DBP, mmHg	85.2 ± 2.0	86.0 ± 1.8	86.9 ± 2.0	84.6 ± 1.7	79.0 ± 1.7*	78.1 ± 1.80*	<0.001
MSNA BF, bursts/min	31.1 ± 4.0	34.2 ± 4.1	46.5 ± 4.2*	49.9 ± 4.7*	48.8 ± 4.2*	45.9 ± 4.2*	<0.001
MSNA BI, bursts/100 heartbeats	48.2 ± 5.5	53.8 ± 5.6	68.1 ± 5.6*	71.3 ± 6.1*	70.9 ± 5.9*	68.7 ± 5.5*	<0.001
Total MSNA, units/min	625 ± 66.3	727 ± 70.7	1,139 ± 110*	1,263 ± 96.8*	1,210 ± 81.7*	1,143 ± 68.6*	<0.001
MSNA burst area, units/burst	21.3 ± 1.6	22.7 ± 1.7	25.2 ± 1.8*	26.3 ± 1.6*	25.7 ± 1.4*	25.9 ± 1.5*	<0.001

Data are presented as means ± SE. BF, burst frequency; BI, burst incidence; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; MSNA, muscle sympathetic nerve activity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; period (1st, 2nd, 3rd…), these periods are defined as shown in Fig. 1. P (all): P value for the effect of time on the whole trial by linear mixed effects model. *P < 0.05 compared with baseline by linear mixed effects model; n = 10 subjects.