Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis (n = 47).
| Characteristic | No. of studies | References |
|---|---|---|
| Level of injury | ||
| Tetraplegia vs paraplegia | 44 | Aadriansen 2016, Akbal 2013, Apstein 1998, Baumann 1992, Baumann 1999, Brenes 1986, Buchholz 2009, Campbell 2004, Cardus 1992, Davies 2007, de Groot 2008, Farkas 2018, Frost 2005, Gibson 2008, Gorgey 2010, Gorgey 2011, Grimm 1997, Heidebreder 1982, Houtmann 1999, Huang 2008, Janssen 1997, Katzelnick 2019, Kemp 2000, Kim 2016, King 1994, Kjaer 2001, Kooner 1988, Laclaustra 2014, Legramante 2001, Matos Souza 2010, Miyatani 2014, O Brien 2017, Raymond 2010, Sabour 2013, Schmid 2000, Schmid 2008, Wang 2007, Wecht 2001, Wecht 2006, Wong 2001, Yahiro 2019, Zhong 1995, Zhou 1997, Zhu 2013 |
| High vs. low paraplegia | 12 | Aadriansen 2016, Bernardi 2019, Campbell 2004, Janssen 1997, Katzelnick 2017, Katzelnick 2019, Kim 2016, King 1994, Krum 1989, Raymond 2010, Sisto 2012, Zhu 2013 |
| Proportion of complete SCI | ||
| ≤63% (median) | 15 | Akbal 2013, Davies 2007, de Groot 2008, Gibson 2008, Grimm 1997, Huang 2008, Janssen 1997, Katzelnick 2017, Katzelnick 2019, Laclaustra 2014, Miyatani 2014, Raymond 2010, Sabour 2013, Wecht 2001, Wecht 2006 |
| >63% | 15 | Aadriansen 2016, Baumann 1999, Farkas 2018, Gorgey 2010, Gorgey 2011, Kemp 2000, Kooner 1988, Legramante 2001, O Brien 2017, Schmid 2000, Schmid 2008, Wang 2007, Wong 2001, Yahiro 2019, Zhou 1997 |
| Duration of injury (years) | ||
| ≤13.5 y (median) | 20 |
Akbal 2013, Baumann 1999, Cardus 1992, Davies 2007, Frost 2005, Grimm 1997, Huang 2008, Katzelnick 2017, Krum 1989, Matos Souza 2010 Miyatani 2014, O Brien 2017, Raymond 2010, Sabour 2013, Schmid 2000, Schmid 2008, Sisto 2012, Wang 2007, Wecht 2001, Wecht 2006 |
| >13.5 y | 15 | Aadriansen 2016, Baumann 1992, Buchholz 2009, Cardus 1992, de Groot 2008, Farkas 2018, Gibson 2008, Janssen 1997, Katzelnick 2019, Kemp 2000, Laclaustra 2014, Wong 2001, Yahiro 2019, Zhong 1995, Zhu 2013 |
| Sex | ||
| Male only | 22 | Apstein 1998, Baumann 1992, Baumann 1999, Bernardi 2019, Campbell 2004, Cardus 1992, Frost 2005, Gorgey 2010, Gorgey 2011, Grimm 1997 Houtmann 1999, Janssen 1997, Kooner 1988, Legramante 2001, Matos Souza 2010, Matos Suoza 2010, O Brien 2017, Schmid 2000, Wang 2007, Wecht 2001, Wecht 2006, Yahiro 2019, Zhong 1995 |
| Both sex | 25 | Aadriansen 2016, Brenes 1986, Buchholz 2009, Davies 2007, de Groot 2008, Farkas 2018, Gibson 2008, Heidebreder 1982, Huang 2008, Katzelnick 2017, Katzelnick 2019, Kemp 2000, Kim 2016, King 1994, Kjaer 2001, Krum 1989, Laclaustra 2014, Miyatani 2014, Raymond 2010, Sabour 2013, Schmid 2008, Sisto 2012, Wong 2001, Zhou 1997, Zhu 2013 |
| Study size | ||
| <50 | 21 | Bernardi 2019, Campbell 2004, Farkas 2018, Frost 2005, Grimm 1997, Heidebreder 1982, Huang 2008, Janssen 1997, Katzelnick 2017, Kim 2016, King 1994, Kjaer 2001, Kooner 1988, Krum 1989, Legramante 2001, Matos Souza 2010, O Brien 2017, Raymond 2010, Wecht 2001, Wecht 2006, Zhou 1997 |
| 50–100 | 16 | Akbal 2013, Apstein 1998, Baumann 1992, Baumann 1999, Brenes 1986, Buchholz 2009, Cardus 1992, Davies 2007, Gibson 2008, Gorgey 2011A, Gorgey 2011B, Miyatani 2014, Schmid 2000, Schmid 2008, Wong 2001, Wang 2007 |
| >100 | 10 | Aadriansen 2016, de Groot 2008, Katzelnick 2019, Kemp 2000, Laclaustra 2014, Sabour 2013, Sisto 2012, Yahiro 2019, Zhong 1995, Zhu 2013 |
| Age, years | ||
| ≤39.3 y (median) | 25 | Akbal 2013, Baumann 1999, Bernardi 2019, Brenes 1986, Campbell 2004, Cardus 1992, Gorgey 2010, Gorgey 2011, Grimm 1997, Huang 2008, Janssen 1997, Katzelnick 2017, Kim 2016, King 1994, Krum 1989, Legramante 2001, Matos Souza 2010, O Brien 2017, Raymond 2010, Sabour 2013, Schmid 2000, Schmid 2008, Wang 2007, Wecht 2006, Zhou 1997 |
| >39.3 y | 20 | Aadriansen 2016, Apstein 1998, Baumann 1992, Buchholz 2009, Cardus 1992, Davies 2007, de Groot 2008, Farkas 2018, Frost 2005, Gibson 2008, Katzelnick 2019, Kemp 2000, Laclaustra 2014, Miyatani 2014, Sisto 2012, Wecht 2001, Wong 2001, Yahiro 2019, Zhong 1995, Zhu 2013 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||
| ≤24.9 (median) | 17 | Aadriansen 2016, Baumann 1999, Brenes 1986, de Groot 2008, Gorgey 2010, Gorgey 2011, Janssen 1997, Kim 2016, Matos Souza 2010, O Brien 2017, Raymond 2010, Sabour 2013, Schmid 2000, Schmid 2008, Wang 2007, Wecht 2006, Wong 2001 |
| >24.9 | 14 | Akbal 2013, Baumann 1992, Buchholz 2009, Farkas 2018, Gibson 2008, Grimm 1997, Katzelnick 2017, Katzelnick 2019, Kemp 2000, Miyatani 2014, Wecht 2001, Yahiro 2019, Zhong 1995, Zhu 2013 |
| Location | ||
| Europe | 11 | Aadriansen 2016, Bernardi 2019, de Groot 2008, Heidebreder 1982, Janssen 1997, Kjaer 2001, Kooner 1988, Legramante 2001, Schmid 2000, Schmid 2008, Laclaustra 2014 |
| North America | 26 | Apstein 1998, Baumann 1992, Baumann 1999, Brenes 1986, Buchholz 2009, Cardus 1992, Davies 2007, Farkas 2018, Frost 2005, Gibson 2008, Gorgey 2010, Gorgey 2011, Grimm 1997, Katzelnick 2017, Katzelnick 2019, Kemp 2000, Kim 2016, King 1994, Miyatani 2014, O Brien 2017, Sisto 2012, Wecht 2001, Wecht 2006, Yahiro 2019, Zhong 1995, Zhu 2013 |
| South America | 1 | Matos Souza 2010 |
| Asia | 9 | Akbal 2013, Campbell 2004, Huang 2008, Krum 1989, Raymond 2010, Sabour 2013, Wang 2007, Wong 2001, Zhou 1997 |
| Outcomes | ||
| Blood lipids | 25 | Akbal 2013, Apstein 1998, Baumann 1992, Bernardi 2019, Brenes 1986, Buchholz 2009, Cardus 1992, de Groot 2008, Farkas 2018, Gibson 2008, Gorgey 2010, Gorgey 2011, Janssen 1997, Kemp 2000, Lacluastra 2014, Matos Souza 2010, Miyatani 2014, O Brien 2017, Sabour 2013, Schmid 2000, Schmid 2008, Wang 2007, Wong, 2001, Yahiro 2019, Zhong 1995 |
| Blood glucose | 14 | Akbal 2013, Baumann 1999, Buchholz 2009, Campbell 2004, Farkas 2018, Gibson 2008, Gorgey 2010, Huang 2008, Matos Souza 2010, Miyatani 2014, O Brien 2017, Sabour 2013, Yahiro 2019, Wang 2007 |
| Blood pressure | 26 | Aadriansen 2016, Akbal 2013, Buchholz 2009, Farkas 2018, Grimm 1997, Heidebreder 1982, Houtmann 1999, Janssen 1997, Katzelnick 2017, Katzelnick 2019, Kim 2016, King 1994, Kjaer 2001, Kooner 1988, Krum 1989, Legramante 2001, Matos Souza 2010, Miyatani 2014, Raymond 2010, Sabour 2013, Sisto 2012, Wecht 2001, Wecht 2006, Yahiro 2019, Zhou 1997, Zhu 2013 |
| Inflammation markers | 7 | Buchholz 2009, Davies 2007, Farkas 2018, Frost 2005, Gibson 2008, Huang 2008, Wang 2007 |
| Study quality | ||
| Moderate (5–7) | 6 | Baumann 1992, Campbell 2004, Cardus 1992, Heidebreder 1982, Kooner 1988, Zhou 1997 |
| Good (8–10) | 41 | Aadriansen 2016, Akbal 2013, Apstein 1998, Baumann 1999, Bernardi 2019, Brenes 1986, Buchholz 2009, Davies 2007, de Groot 2008, Farkas 2018, Frost 2005, Gibson 2008, Gorgey 2010, Gorgey 2011, Grimm 1997, Huang 2008, Janssen 1997, Katzelnick 2017, Katzelnick 2019, Kemp 2000, Kim 2016, King 1994, Kjaer 2001, Krum 1989, Laclaustra 2014, Legramante 2001, Matos Souza 2010, Miyatani 2014, O Brien 2017, Raymond 2010, Sabour 2013, Schmid 2000, Schmid 2008, Sisto 2012, Wang 2007, Wecht 2001, Wecht 2006, Wong 2001, Yahiro 2019, Zhong 1995, Zhu 2013 |