Table 2.
Summary of the effect estimates across different intermediate cardiovascular parameters.
| Outcome, units | Number of studies | High injury, N1 | High injury, mean (SD) | Low injury, N2 | Low injury, mean (SD) | Weighted mean difference (95% CI) | P value for heterogeneity | I2 for heterogeneity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tetraplegia versus paraplegia | ||||||||
| Blood pressure | ||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 20 | 733 | 114.6 (15.6) | 783 | 125.1 (14.5) | −14.5 (−19.2, −9.9) | <0.001 | 92.5% |
| • Supine | 4 | 67 | 114.9 (18.4) | 80 | 123.1 (15.3) | −12.4 (−28.4, −3.7) | <0.001 | 93.0% |
| • Seated | 11 | 384 | 112.6 (17.3) | 477 | 125.2 (15.8) | −13.2 (−18.8, −7.4) | <0.001 | 88.3% |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 20 | 733 | 67.9 (11.8) | 783 | 75.3 (9.4) | −7.0 (−9.2, −4.8) | <0.001 | 79.7% |
| • Supine | 4 | 67 | 69.9 (12.2) | 80 | 75.1 (10.6) | −6.6 (−12.9, −0.4) | 0.023 | 68.4% |
| • Seated | 11 | 384 | 69.0 (11.5) | 477 | 76.1 (10.4) | −6.4 (−9.6, −3.3) | <0.001 | 79.0% |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 5 | 68 | 80.2 (13.3) | 723 | 91.3 (11.8) | −15.2 (−25.0, −5.4) | <0.001 | 87.3% |
| Lipid profile | ||||||||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL, | 22 | 898 | 122.8 (58.9) | 1052 | 131.7 (66.1) | −10.9 (−19.7, −2.1) | <0.001 | 93.2% |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 21 | 880 | 174 (29.9) | 1036 | 186.2 (34.1) | −9.9 (−14.5, −5.4) | <0.001 | 91.5% |
| High density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 22 | 899 | 40.5 (9.99) | 1052 | 42.3 (9.9) | −1.7 (−3.3, −0.2) | <0.001 | 95.8% |
| Low density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 20 | 836 | 108.6 (24.4) | 988 | 117.3 (29.2) | −5.8 (−9.0, −2.5) | <0.001 | 82.8% |
| Cholesterol-HDL ratio | 9 | 196 | 4.48 (1.17) | 360 | 4.67 (1.43) | −0.22 (−0.53, 0.09) | 0.005 | 63.7% |
| HDL-LDL ratio | 4 | 165 | 3.23 (0.63) | 209 | 3.18 (0.96) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.3) | <0.001 | 96.7% |
| Glucose metabolism | ||||||||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 13 | 433 | 95.9 (19.7) | 552 | 93.4 (18.8) | −0.5 (−1.9, 1.0) | 0.084 | 37.5% |
| Insulin, microUnits/mL | 6 | 155 | 9.8 (5.4) | 248 | 8.9 (4.2) | −0.3 (−1.8, 1.1) | <0.001 | 81.6% |
| HOMA IR3 | 4 | 88 | 2.1 (1.8) | 126 | 1.7 (1.3) | 0.1 (−0.41, 0.62) | 0.128 | 56.7% |
| Inflammation markers | ||||||||
| C reactive protein, mg/L | 2 | 36 | 1.78 (1.53) | 40 | 1.53 (1.05) | 0.20 (−0.23, 0.64) | 0.888 | 0.0% |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, mg/L | 4 | 74 | 4.14 (3.91) | 125 | 3.93 (3.95) | 0.56 (−0.25, 1.37) | 0.176 | 39.4% |
| Interleukin 6, pg/mL | 4 | 79 | 4.50 (8.49) | 120 | 5.29 (12.31) | −0.64 (−3.91, 2.62) | 0.252 | 26.7% |
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha, pg/mL | 3 | 59 | 51.10 (139.88) | 78 | 57.39 (124.46) | 0.22 (−6.75, 7.20) | 0.361 | 1.8% |
| High paraplegia (at T5 and above) versus low paraplegia (at T6 and below) | ||||||||
| Blood pressure | ||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 10 | 466 | 121.3 (14.3) | 295 | 129.7 (14.0) | −10.3 (−13.4, −7.1) | 0.004 | 62.8% |
| • Seated | 6 | 247 | 120.9 (17.2) | 203 | 129.6 (15.4) | −9.8 (−15.1, −4.4) | 0.002 | 72.0% |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 10 | 466 | 69.7 (12.6) | 295 | 76.2 (9.7) | −5.3 (−7.5, −3.2) | 0.021 | 53.8% |
| • Seated | 6 | 245 | 72.7 (13.1) | 213 | 76.7 (10.8) | −5.0 (−7.6, −2.4) | 0.098 | 44.0% |
| Lipid profile | ||||||||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 2 | 28 | 130.0 (55.5) | 26 | 105.3 (40.0) | 25.9 (14.9, 36.9) | 0.935 | 0.0% |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 2 | 28 | 191.9 (32.3) | 26 | 199.5 (39.0) | −12.6 (−43.1, 17.9) | 0.083 | 66.6% |
| High density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 2 | 28 | 43.5 (5.0) | 26 | 52.2 (7.1) | −9.5 (−21.2, 2.1) | <0.001 | 92.7% |
| Low density lipoprotein, mg/dL | 2 | 28 | 120.6 (26.5) | 26 | 124 (38.2) | −10.0 (−25.5, 5.5) | 0.245 | 26.1% |
| Cholesterol-HDL ratio | 2 | 28 | 4.55 (1.16) | 26 | 4.04 (1.18) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.791 | 0.0% |
1High injury refers to either tetraplegia or high-paraplegia (at T5 and above) depending on the analysis subgroup.
2Low injury refers to paraplegia or low-paraplegia (at T6 and below) depending on the analysis subgroup.2Low injury refers to paraplegia or low-paraplegia (at T6 and below) depending on the analysis subgroup.
3HOMA IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (Matthews et al., 1985, Diabetologia, 28:412) 3HOMA IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (Matthews et al., 1985, Diabetologia, 28:412)