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The NLR and TLR signal-transduction pathways. The PRRs identify DAMPs and PAMPs. Endosomal TLR3, and TLR4, TLR1/6+TLR2 heterodimers stimulate the TRIF pathway, followed by NF-κB and IRF induction. The MyD88 pathway is activated by TLR5 and endosomal TLR9 and TLR7, followed by IRF7, NF-κB and MAPK activation. NOD2 and NOD1 which are cytoplasmic PRRs, induce the recruitment of NALP3 inflammasome, trigger the release of NF-κB, and activate the caspase-1 pathway (108).
