Table 1.
Summaries with obesity as a risk factor for the prevalence, prognosis and/or sequela of COVID-19 (12–32).
| World region/Country | Asia-Mideast | Europe | Americas | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| • Number of studies | 14 (12 China, 1 Singapore, and 1 Israel) | 14 (3 France, 7 Italy, 2 UK, and 1 Germany/European | 35 (29 USA, 5 Mexico, and 1 Brazil) | 63 |
| • Study design | Cross-sectional/Cohort studies of hospitalized | Cohort /Cross-sectional studies of hospitalized or dead | Cross-sectional/Cohort studies of hospitalized or diagnosed | |
| • Number of participants (Range; >1000 studies) | 6,754 (58-4,353; 1) | 29,740 (50-20,133; 3) | 436,306 (103-212,802; 16) | 472,800 (20) |
| • Age group (Ranges of the Median/mean) | 38-61 yr | 60-72.9 yr | 43-68 yr | |
| • Males (%) | 47.8-74.2% | 52-73% | 37.5-64.8% | |
| • Prevalence of COVID-19 with obesity | 10.7-68.2% | 10.5-65.2% | 14-66.5% | |
| • Prognosis of COVID-19 with obesity (OR, odd ratio) | BMI/Obesity positively associated with: Severity: Pneumonia (1.3), overall severe illness (1.1-9.2) | Severity: Hospitalization (2.2), ARDS (2.0-2.3), ICU (2.0-4.9), IMV (2.1-7.4); overall severe illness (1.4) Mortality (1.3-3.0); |
Severity: Hospitalization (1.3-4.4), ARDS (2.4), ICU (1.3-2.2), ITU (1.4), IMV (2.1-4.5) Mortality (1.2-2.3) |
Ave OR: 3.2* Ave OR: 1.8* |
| • Complications of Obesity/COVID-19 (%, Odds ratio to COVID-19) | Hypertension (14-15%, 4.6); diabetes (6-20%, 3.2); CVD (9%, 2.8) | Hypertension (18.4-77.2%, 4.6); diabetes (23-58%, 3.2); CVD (28-55%) | Hyperlipidemia (46%), hypertension (15-80%); diabetes (16-53%, 1.3-2.5); CVD (19-35%, 1.3) | Ave OR: 2.9* |
*Ave OR: The average of listed Odds Ratio (OR) without inclusion of the lowest/highest OR values of studies with >5,000 participants. ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; ICU, intensive care unit; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; ITU, intubation.