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. 2021 Nov 1;11:21380. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00973-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Plasmodium falciparum infection dynamics in the population. (A) The prevalence of parasites detected in the study population at each time point [Day (D)] using microscopy (Micro) and Pf 18srRNA reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction [RT-qPCR (qPCR)]. Infections detected only by Pf18S rRNA using RT-qPCR, not microscopy were considered subpatent. Microscopic (Micro) parasite prevalence differed slightly (p = 0046) between sampling days. The prevalence of individuals infected only at the submicroscopic (Subpatent) level differed significantly (***p < 0.001) between time points. (B) Gametocyte prevalence detected in the infected population using Pfs25 RT-qPCR also differed significantly (***p = 0.007). Analysis for all time points was by Chi-square and between time points by two sample tests of proportions (^nsp > 0.05, *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001).