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. 2021 Nov 1;11:21380. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00973-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Antibodies against the asexual antigen EBA175 RIII–V over the course of the study. Anti-EBA175RIII–V IgG antibody concentrations (ng/ml, log 10) were measured monthly [days 14 (a), 42 (b), and 70 (c)] in plasma from all the participants. The antibody concentrations obtained at each time point are plotted in groups based on overall infectivity status. Uninfected (n = 11), sporadically infected, ≤ 4 infections (n = 49), persistently infected ≥ 5 infections (n = 39), and persistent gametocytes, ≥ 5 episodes (n = 11) were assessed using P. falciparum Pf18S rRNA and Pfs25 transcripts for the detection of total parasite and gametocyte infections respectively. The median and interquartile range is shown and one-way ANOVA did not detect differences between the groups. The p values (p = 0.1647–0.7274) are listed in Supplementary Table 4.