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Schematic representation of the PBPK-DO model for saxagliptin in humans. The PBPK-DO model includes the gut lumen, enterocytes, the portal vein, the liver, blood (arterial supply and venous return), the lung, and other eliminating tissues (kidney) and non-eliminating tissues (11 compartments). The CYP3A metabolism enzyme was set into enterocytes and liver compartments. DPP-4 was assumed to only reside in the venous return compartment.
