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. 2021 Oct 19;12:748397. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748397

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Copyright © 2021 Pallikkuth, Mendez, Russell, Sirupangi, Kvistad, Pahwa, Villinger, Banerjee and Pahwa

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Crosstalk between the bacterial and host metabolic pathways: Mass-spectrometry based Isotope Ratio Outlier Analysis (IROA) showed a few metabolites that were significantly different between the two groups (A). Bar graph showing -log(p) enrichment of the biosynthetic and stress pathways in the geriatric animals upon mapping these metabolites on pathways (B). Enrichment -log(p) of the all degradation pathways with the exception of carbohydrate and secondary metabolite catabolism in geriatric animals (C). LC-MS/MS analysis of the pure microbial fraction and pathway enrichment analysis showed that glycerolipid, amino acid and secondary metabolite metabolism predominated the metabolic landscape of both groups- Red color signifies significantly enriched pathways in geriatric macaques (D). Upon mapping the significantly different metabolites between geriatric and young adult macaques (E) to metabolic pathways, a synchrony was observed between microbial and host biosynthetic and degradation pathways. All metabolites used in the analysis were significantly different between young adult and geriatric animals (p < 0.05 in Mann-Whitney U test) with FDR of 0.1 (Benjamini-Hochberg correction).