Table 2.

Constructs and measurement items.

Construct	Code	Measurement items
Sense of community	SC	Please indicate the extent to which you agree with the following statements regarding social media crowds during the COVID-19 pandemic:
	SC1	I feel connected with crowds on social media.
	SC2	Interacting with social media crowds gives me a sense that I belong to my community.
	SC3	I have many close friends from the public crowd on social media.
	SC4	I feel loyal to the crowd that I interact with on social media.
	SC5	I agree with most members of my online community about prevention tips, priorities, realism, and events during the pandemic.
	SC6	If I need any advice or help, I can resort to the crowd on social media.
	SC7	I would never think of leaving or stopping interacting with the social media crowd.
	SC8	I would work on something together with other members of the crowd on social media to help the resilience of my community during the pandemic.
The wisdom of the crowd	WOC	Please indicate the extent to which you agree with the following statements regarding the role of social media crowdsourcing during the COVID-19 pandemic:
	WOC1	The social media crowd is usually wiser than any given individual.
	WOC2	Relying on crowd judgments is better than depending on only individual information and experience.
	WOC3	Social media crowdsourcing facilitates the combination of individual perceptions into a collective perception.
	WOC4	People tend to believe the online crowd’s opinions, advice, and recommendations rather than official campaigns.
	WOC5	Ratings, reviews, and feedback of crowds leverage the value of participation in social media crowdsourcing.
	WOC6	Social media crowdsourcing enriches the ability of a group to reach a solution that is better than that of any of its individual members.
Collaborative knowledge creation	CKC	To what extent do social media crowds in the COVID-19 pandemic collaborate to:
	CKC1	Acquire new knowledge from many diverse sources.
	CKC2	Create, discuss, and evaluate many novel ideas and suggestions collectively, using inductive and deductive thinking to acquire new knowledge.
	CKC3	Use social media platforms for knowledge storage.
	CKC4	Maintain and identify the format and type of knowledge stored on COVID-19 on a social media platform.
	CKC5	Transmit newly created knowledge, experience, solutions, and best practices to the members of the crowd.
	CKC6	Share new values, impressions, and thoughts with other members of the crowd.
	CKC7	Enable the members of the crowd to conduct collective learning, renew knowledge, and put new learning to use.
	CKC8	Help the members of the crowd to locate and access the necessary knowledge.
Perceived value	PV	How important has social media crowdsourcing been to you during the pandemic in each of the following areas:
	PV1	Securing and fulfilling my humanitarian needs, such as food, transportation, and medical assistance.
	PV2	Understanding more accurately what is happening and improving my perception of the COVID-19 crisis.
	PV3	Promoting connectivity, cohesion, and social solidarity among people during the crisis.
	PV4	Improving my knowledge about the pandemic when compared with traditional media.
	PV5	Identifying misinformation and false rumors about COVID-19.
	PV6	Discussing sensitive issues and complex information about COVID-19 with health professionals.
	PV7	Sharing emotional support and checking on the status of family and friends, especially in affected areas.
	PV8	Generally using social media actively during the COVID-19 crisis.