Fig. 2.

Summary of advantages and disadvantages of preclinical models for rare cancers. In vitro and ex vivo models include culturing cell lines, organoids, and organotypic tissue slices. In vivo models consist of immunodeficient models including orthotopic xenograft and patient-derived xenograft (PDX), and immunocompetent models including syngeneic and genetically-engineered mouse models (by Cre-Lox system, in utero electroporation, RCAS/tv-a system, or CRISPR/Cas9 technology). Created with BioRender.com.